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diff --git a/gcc/fortran/gfortran.info b/gcc/fortran/gfortran.info new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e017b43a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc/fortran/gfortran.info @@ -0,0 +1,17843 @@ +This is doc/gfortran.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from +/home/jakub/gcc-4.6.4/gcc-4.6.4/gcc/fortran/gfortran.texi. + +Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, +2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the +Invariant Sections being "Funding Free Software", the Front-Cover Texts +being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see +below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU +Free Documentation License". + + (a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is: + + A GNU Manual + + (b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: + + You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU +software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise +funds for GNU development. + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Software development +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* gfortran: (gfortran). The GNU Fortran Compiler. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU Fortran +compiler, (`gfortran'). + + Published by the Free Software Foundation 51 Franklin Street, Fifth +Floor Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA + + Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, +2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the +Invariant Sections being "Funding Free Software", the Front-Cover Texts +being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see +below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU +Free Documentation License". + + (a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is: + + A GNU Manual + + (b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: + + You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU +software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise +funds for GNU development. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Up: (dir) + +Introduction +************ + +This manual documents the use of `gfortran', the GNU Fortran compiler. +You can find in this manual how to invoke `gfortran', as well as its +features and incompatibilities. + +* Menu: + +* Introduction:: + +Part I: Invoking GNU Fortran +* Invoking GNU Fortran:: Command options supported by `gfortran'. +* Runtime:: Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables. + +Part II: Language Reference +* Fortran 2003 and 2008 status:: Fortran 2003 and 2008 features supported by GNU Fortran. +* Compiler Characteristics:: User-visible implementation details. +* Mixed-Language Programming:: Interoperability with C +* Extensions:: Language extensions implemented by GNU Fortran. +* Intrinsic Procedures:: Intrinsic procedures supported by GNU Fortran. +* Intrinsic Modules:: Intrinsic modules supported by GNU Fortran. + +* Contributing:: How you can help. +* Copying:: GNU General Public License says + how you can copy and share GNU Fortran. +* GNU Free Documentation License:: + How you can copy and share this manual. +* Funding:: How to help assure continued work for free software. +* Option Index:: Index of command line options +* Keyword Index:: Index of concepts + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Invoking GNU Fortran, Prev: Top, Up: Top + +1 Introduction +************** + +The GNU Fortran compiler front end was designed initially as a free +replacement for, or alternative to, the unix `f95' command; `gfortran' +is the command you'll use to invoke the compiler. + +* Menu: + +* About GNU Fortran:: What you should know about the GNU Fortran compiler. +* GNU Fortran and GCC:: You can compile Fortran, C, or other programs. +* Preprocessing and conditional compilation:: The Fortran preprocessor +* GNU Fortran and G77:: Why we chose to start from scratch. +* Project Status:: Status of GNU Fortran, roadmap, proposed extensions. +* Standards:: Standards supported by GNU Fortran. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: About GNU Fortran, Next: GNU Fortran and GCC, Up: Introduction + +1.1 About GNU Fortran +===================== + +The GNU Fortran compiler supports the Fortran 77, 90 and 95 standards +completely, parts of the Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 standards, and +several vendor extensions. The development goal is to provide the +following features: + + * Read a user's program, stored in a file and containing + instructions written in Fortran 77, Fortran 90, Fortran 95, + Fortran 2003 or Fortran 2008. This file contains "source code". + + * Translate the user's program into instructions a computer can + carry out more quickly than it takes to translate the instructions + in the first place. The result after compilation of a program is + "machine code", code designed to be efficiently translated and + processed by a machine such as your computer. Humans usually + aren't as good writing machine code as they are at writing Fortran + (or C++, Ada, or Java), because it is easy to make tiny mistakes + writing machine code. + + * Provide the user with information about the reasons why the + compiler is unable to create a binary from the source code. + Usually this will be the case if the source code is flawed. The + Fortran 90 standard requires that the compiler can point out + mistakes to the user. An incorrect usage of the language causes + an "error message". + + The compiler will also attempt to diagnose cases where the user's + program contains a correct usage of the language, but instructs + the computer to do something questionable. This kind of + diagnostics message is called a "warning message". + + * Provide optional information about the translation passes from the + source code to machine code. This can help a user of the compiler + to find the cause of certain bugs which may not be obvious in the + source code, but may be more easily found at a lower level + compiler output. It also helps developers to find bugs in the + compiler itself. + + * Provide information in the generated machine code that can make it + easier to find bugs in the program (using a debugging tool, called + a "debugger", such as the GNU Debugger `gdb'). + + * Locate and gather machine code already generated to perform + actions requested by statements in the user's program. This + machine code is organized into "modules" and is located and + "linked" to the user program. + + The GNU Fortran compiler consists of several components: + + * A version of the `gcc' command (which also might be installed as + the system's `cc' command) that also understands and accepts + Fortran source code. The `gcc' command is the "driver" program for + all the languages in the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC); With `gcc', + you can compile the source code of any language for which a front + end is available in GCC. + + * The `gfortran' command itself, which also might be installed as the + system's `f95' command. `gfortran' is just another driver program, + but specifically for the Fortran compiler only. The difference + with `gcc' is that `gfortran' will automatically link the correct + libraries to your program. + + * A collection of run-time libraries. These libraries contain the + machine code needed to support capabilities of the Fortran + language that are not directly provided by the machine code + generated by the `gfortran' compilation phase, such as intrinsic + functions and subroutines, and routines for interaction with files + and the operating system. + + * The Fortran compiler itself, (`f951'). This is the GNU Fortran + parser and code generator, linked to and interfaced with the GCC + backend library. `f951' "translates" the source code to assembler + code. You would typically not use this program directly; instead, + the `gcc' or `gfortran' driver programs will call it for you. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GNU Fortran and GCC, Next: Preprocessing and conditional compilation, Prev: About GNU Fortran, Up: Introduction + +1.2 GNU Fortran and GCC +======================= + +GNU Fortran is a part of GCC, the "GNU Compiler Collection". GCC +consists of a collection of front ends for various languages, which +translate the source code into a language-independent form called +"GENERIC". This is then processed by a common middle end which +provides optimization, and then passed to one of a collection of back +ends which generate code for different computer architectures and +operating systems. + + Functionally, this is implemented with a driver program (`gcc') +which provides the command-line interface for the compiler. It calls +the relevant compiler front-end program (e.g., `f951' for Fortran) for +each file in the source code, and then calls the assembler and linker +as appropriate to produce the compiled output. In a copy of GCC which +has been compiled with Fortran language support enabled, `gcc' will +recognize files with `.f', `.for', `.ftn', `.f90', `.f95', `.f03' and +`.f08' extensions as Fortran source code, and compile it accordingly. +A `gfortran' driver program is also provided, which is identical to +`gcc' except that it automatically links the Fortran runtime libraries +into the compiled program. + + Source files with `.f', `.for', `.fpp', `.ftn', `.F', `.FOR', +`.FPP', and `.FTN' extensions are treated as fixed form. Source files +with `.f90', `.f95', `.f03', `.f08', `.F90', `.F95', `.F03' and `.F08' +extensions are treated as free form. The capitalized versions of +either form are run through preprocessing. Source files with the lower +case `.fpp' extension are also run through preprocessing. + + This manual specifically documents the Fortran front end, which +handles the programming language's syntax and semantics. The aspects +of GCC which relate to the optimization passes and the back-end code +generation are documented in the GCC manual; see *note Introduction: +(gcc)Top. The two manuals together provide a complete reference for +the GNU Fortran compiler. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Preprocessing and conditional compilation, Next: GNU Fortran and G77, Prev: GNU Fortran and GCC, Up: Introduction + +1.3 Preprocessing and conditional compilation +============================================= + +Many Fortran compilers including GNU Fortran allow passing the source +code through a C preprocessor (CPP; sometimes also called the Fortran +preprocessor, FPP) to allow for conditional compilation. In the case +of GNU Fortran, this is the GNU C Preprocessor in the traditional mode. +On systems with case-preserving file names, the preprocessor is +automatically invoked if the filename extension is `.F', `.FOR', +`.FTN', `.fpp', `.FPP', `.F90', `.F95', `.F03' or `.F08'. To manually +invoke the preprocessor on any file, use `-cpp', to disable +preprocessing on files where the preprocessor is run automatically, use +`-nocpp'. + + If a preprocessed file includes another file with the Fortran +`INCLUDE' statement, the included file is not preprocessed. To +preprocess included files, use the equivalent preprocessor statement +`#include'. + + If GNU Fortran invokes the preprocessor, `__GFORTRAN__' is defined +and `__GNUC__', `__GNUC_MINOR__' and `__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__' can be used +to determine the version of the compiler. See *note Overview: +(cpp)Top. for details. + + While CPP is the de-facto standard for preprocessing Fortran code, +Part 3 of the Fortran 95 standard (ISO/IEC 1539-3:1998) defines +Conditional Compilation, which is not widely used and not directly +supported by the GNU Fortran compiler. You can use the program coco to +preprocess such files (`http://www.daniellnagle.com/coco.html'). + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GNU Fortran and G77, Next: Project Status, Prev: Preprocessing and conditional compilation, Up: Introduction + +1.4 GNU Fortran and G77 +======================= + +The GNU Fortran compiler is the successor to `g77', the Fortran 77 +front end included in GCC prior to version 4. It is an entirely new +program that has been designed to provide Fortran 95 support and +extensibility for future Fortran language standards, as well as +providing backwards compatibility for Fortran 77 and nearly all of the +GNU language extensions supported by `g77'. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Project Status, Next: Standards, Prev: GNU Fortran and G77, Up: Introduction + +1.5 Project Status +================== + + As soon as `gfortran' can parse all of the statements correctly, + it will be in the "larva" state. When we generate code, the + "puppa" state. When `gfortran' is done, we'll see if it will be a + beautiful butterfly, or just a big bug.... + + -Andy Vaught, April 2000 + + The start of the GNU Fortran 95 project was announced on the GCC +homepage in March 18, 2000 (even though Andy had already been working +on it for a while, of course). + + The GNU Fortran compiler is able to compile nearly all +standard-compliant Fortran 95, Fortran 90, and Fortran 77 programs, +including a number of standard and non-standard extensions, and can be +used on real-world programs. In particular, the supported extensions +include OpenMP, Cray-style pointers, and several Fortran 2003 and +Fortran 2008 features, including TR 15581. However, it is still under +development and has a few remaining rough edges. + + At present, the GNU Fortran compiler passes the NIST Fortran 77 Test +Suite (http://www.fortran-2000.com/ArnaudRecipes/fcvs21_f95.html), and +produces acceptable results on the LAPACK Test Suite +(http://www.netlib.org/lapack/faq.html#1.21). It also provides +respectable performance on the Polyhedron Fortran compiler benchmarks +(http://www.polyhedron.com/pb05.html) and the Livermore Fortran Kernels +test +(http://www.llnl.gov/asci_benchmarks/asci/limited/lfk/README.html). It +has been used to compile a number of large real-world programs, +including the HIRLAM weather-forecasting code +(http://mysite.verizon.net/serveall/moene.pdf) and the Tonto quantum +chemistry package (http://www.theochem.uwa.edu.au/tonto/); see +`http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/GfortranApps' for an extended list. + + Among other things, the GNU Fortran compiler is intended as a +replacement for G77. At this point, nearly all programs that could be +compiled with G77 can be compiled with GNU Fortran, although there are +a few minor known regressions. + + The primary work remaining to be done on GNU Fortran falls into three +categories: bug fixing (primarily regarding the treatment of invalid +code and providing useful error messages), improving the compiler +optimizations and the performance of compiled code, and extending the +compiler to support future standards--in particular, Fortran 2003 and +Fortran 2008. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Standards, Prev: Project Status, Up: Introduction + +1.6 Standards +============= + +* Menu: + +* Varying Length Character Strings:: + + The GNU Fortran compiler implements ISO/IEC 1539:1997 (Fortran 95). +As such, it can also compile essentially all standard-compliant Fortran +90 and Fortran 77 programs. It also supports the ISO/IEC TR-15581 +enhancements to allocatable arrays. + + In the future, the GNU Fortran compiler will also support ISO/IEC +1539-1:2004 (Fortran 2003), ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010 (Fortran 2008) and +future Fortran standards. Partial support of the Fortran 2003 and +Fortran 2008 standard is already provided; the current status of the +support is reported in the *note Fortran 2003 status:: and *note +Fortran 2008 status:: sections of the documentation. + + Additionally, the GNU Fortran compilers supports the OpenMP +specification (version 3.0, +`http://openmp.org/wp/openmp-specifications/'). + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Varying Length Character Strings, Up: Standards + +1.6.1 Varying Length Character Strings +-------------------------------------- + +The Fortran 95 standard specifies in Part 2 (ISO/IEC 1539-2:2000) +varying length character strings. While GNU Fortran currently does not +support such strings directly, there exist two Fortran implementations +for them, which work with GNU Fortran. They can be found at +`http://www.fortran.com/iso_varying_string.f95' and at +`ftp://ftp.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/ISO_VARYING_STRING/'. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Invoking GNU Fortran, Next: Runtime, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top + +2 GNU Fortran Command Options +***************************** + +The `gfortran' command supports all the options supported by the `gcc' +command. Only options specific to GNU Fortran are documented here. + + *Note GCC Command Options: (gcc)Invoking GCC, for information on the +non-Fortran-specific aspects of the `gcc' command (and, therefore, the +`gfortran' command). + + All GCC and GNU Fortran options are accepted both by `gfortran' and +by `gcc' (as well as any other drivers built at the same time, such as +`g++'), since adding GNU Fortran to the GCC distribution enables +acceptance of GNU Fortran options by all of the relevant drivers. + + In some cases, options have positive and negative forms; the +negative form of `-ffoo' would be `-fno-foo'. This manual documents +only one of these two forms, whichever one is not the default. + +* Menu: + +* Option Summary:: Brief list of all `gfortran' options, + without explanations. +* Fortran Dialect Options:: Controlling the variant of Fortran language + compiled. +* Preprocessing Options:: Enable and customize preprocessing. +* Error and Warning Options:: How picky should the compiler be? +* Debugging Options:: Symbol tables, measurements, and debugging dumps. +* Directory Options:: Where to find module files +* Link Options :: Influencing the linking step +* Runtime Options:: Influencing runtime behavior +* Code Gen Options:: Specifying conventions for function calls, data layout + and register usage. +* Environment Variables:: Environment variables that affect `gfortran'. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Option Summary, Next: Fortran Dialect Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran + +2.1 Option summary +================== + +Here is a summary of all the options specific to GNU Fortran, grouped +by type. Explanations are in the following sections. + +_Fortran Language Options_ + *Note Options controlling Fortran dialect: Fortran Dialect Options. + -fall-intrinsics -ffree-form -fno-fixed-form + -fdollar-ok -fimplicit-none -fmax-identifier-length + -std=STD -fd-lines-as-code -fd-lines-as-comments + -ffixed-line-length-N -ffixed-line-length-none + -ffree-line-length-N -ffree-line-length-none + -fdefault-double-8 -fdefault-integer-8 -fdefault-real-8 + -fcray-pointer -fopenmp -fno-range-check -fbackslash -fmodule-private + +_Preprocessing Options_ + *Note Enable and customize preprocessing: Preprocessing Options. + -cpp -dD -dI -dM -dN -dU -fworking-directory + -imultilib DIR -iprefix FILE -isysroot DIR + -iquote -isystem DIR -nocpp -nostdinc -undef + -AQUESTION=ANSWER -A-QUESTION[=ANSWER] + -C -CC -DMACRO[=DEFN] -UMACRO -H -P + +_Error and Warning Options_ + *Note Options to request or suppress errors and warnings: Error + and Warning Options. + -fmax-errors=N + -fsyntax-only -pedantic -pedantic-errors + -Wall -Waliasing -Wampersand -Warray-bounds -Wcharacter-truncation + -Wconversion -Wimplicit-interface -Wimplicit-procedure -Wline-truncation + -Wintrinsics-std -Wsurprising -Wno-tabs -Wunderflow -Wunused-parameter + -Wintrinsic-shadow -Wno-align-commons + +_Debugging Options_ + *Note Options for debugging your program or GNU Fortran: Debugging + Options. + -fdump-fortran-original -fdump-fortran-optimized + -ffpe-trap=LIST -fdump-core -fbacktrace -fdump-parse-tree + +_Directory Options_ + *Note Options for directory search: Directory Options. + -IDIR -JDIR -fintrinsic-modules-path DIR + +_Link Options_ + *Note Options for influencing the linking step: Link Options. + -static-libgfortran + +_Runtime Options_ + *Note Options for influencing runtime behavior: Runtime Options. + -fconvert=CONVERSION -fno-range-check + -frecord-marker=LENGTH -fmax-subrecord-length=LENGTH + -fsign-zero + +_Code Generation Options_ + *Note Options for code generation conventions: Code Gen Options. + -fno-automatic -ff2c -fno-underscoring + -fno-whole-file -fsecond-underscore + -fbounds-check -fcheck-array-temporaries -fmax-array-constructor =N + -fcheck=<ALL|ARRAY-TEMPS|BOUNDS|DO|MEM|POINTER|RECURSION> + -fcoarray=<NONE|SINGLE> -fmax-stack-var-size=N + -fpack-derived -frepack-arrays -fshort-enums -fexternal-blas + -fblas-matmul-limit=N -frecursive -finit-local-zero + -finit-integer=N -finit-real=<ZERO|INF|-INF|NAN|SNAN> + -finit-logical=<TRUE|FALSE> -finit-character=N + -fno-align-commons -fno-protect-parens -frealloc-lhs + + +* Menu: + +* Fortran Dialect Options:: Controlling the variant of Fortran language + compiled. +* Preprocessing Options:: Enable and customize preprocessing. +* Error and Warning Options:: How picky should the compiler be? +* Debugging Options:: Symbol tables, measurements, and debugging dumps. +* Directory Options:: Where to find module files +* Link Options :: Influencing the linking step +* Runtime Options:: Influencing runtime behavior +* Code Gen Options:: Specifying conventions for function calls, data layout + and register usage. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Fortran Dialect Options, Next: Preprocessing Options, Prev: Option Summary, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran + +2.2 Options controlling Fortran dialect +======================================= + +The following options control the details of the Fortran dialect +accepted by the compiler: + +`-ffree-form' +`-ffixed-form' + Specify the layout used by the source file. The free form layout + was introduced in Fortran 90. Fixed form was traditionally used in + older Fortran programs. When neither option is specified, the + source form is determined by the file extension. + +`-fall-intrinsics' + This option causes all intrinsic procedures (including the + GNU-specific extensions) to be accepted. This can be useful with + `-std=f95' to force standard-compliance but get access to the full + range of intrinsics available with `gfortran'. As a consequence, + `-Wintrinsics-std' will be ignored and no user-defined procedure + with the same name as any intrinsic will be called except when it + is explicitly declared `EXTERNAL'. + +`-fd-lines-as-code' +`-fd-lines-as-comments' + Enable special treatment for lines beginning with `d' or `D' in + fixed form sources. If the `-fd-lines-as-code' option is given + they are treated as if the first column contained a blank. If the + `-fd-lines-as-comments' option is given, they are treated as + comment lines. + +`-fdefault-double-8' + Set the `DOUBLE PRECISION' type to an 8 byte wide type. If + `-fdefault-real-8' is given, `DOUBLE PRECISION' would instead be + promoted to 16 bytes if possible, and `-fdefault-double-8' can be + used to prevent this. The kind of real constants like `1.d0' will + not be changed by `-fdefault-real-8' though, so also + `-fdefault-double-8' does not affect it. + +`-fdefault-integer-8' + Set the default integer and logical types to an 8 byte wide type. + Do nothing if this is already the default. This option also + affects the kind of integer constants like `42'. + +`-fdefault-real-8' + Set the default real type to an 8 byte wide type. Do nothing if + this is already the default. This option also affects the kind of + non-double real constants like `1.0', and does promote the default + width of `DOUBLE PRECISION' to 16 bytes if possible, unless + `-fdefault-double-8' is given, too. + +`-fdollar-ok' + Allow `$' as a valid non-first character in a symbol name. Symbols + that start with `$' are rejected since it is unclear which rules to + apply to implicit typing as different vendors implement different + rules. Using `$' in `IMPLICIT' statements is also rejected. + +`-fbackslash' + Change the interpretation of backslashes in string literals from a + single backslash character to "C-style" escape characters. The + following combinations are expanded `\a', `\b', `\f', `\n', `\r', + `\t', `\v', `\\', and `\0' to the ASCII characters alert, + backspace, form feed, newline, carriage return, horizontal tab, + vertical tab, backslash, and NUL, respectively. Additionally, + `\x'NN, `\u'NNNN and `\U'NNNNNNNN (where each N is a hexadecimal + digit) are translated into the Unicode characters corresponding to + the specified code points. All other combinations of a character + preceded by \ are unexpanded. + +`-fmodule-private' + Set the default accessibility of module entities to `PRIVATE'. + Use-associated entities will not be accessible unless they are + explicitly declared as `PUBLIC'. + +`-ffixed-line-length-N' + Set column after which characters are ignored in typical fixed-form + lines in the source file, and through which spaces are assumed (as + if padded to that length) after the ends of short fixed-form lines. + + Popular values for N include 72 (the standard and the default), 80 + (card image), and 132 (corresponding to "extended-source" options + in some popular compilers). N may also be `none', meaning that + the entire line is meaningful and that continued character + constants never have implicit spaces appended to them to fill out + the line. `-ffixed-line-length-0' means the same thing as + `-ffixed-line-length-none'. + +`-ffree-line-length-N' + Set column after which characters are ignored in typical free-form + lines in the source file. The default value is 132. N may be + `none', meaning that the entire line is meaningful. + `-ffree-line-length-0' means the same thing as + `-ffree-line-length-none'. + +`-fmax-identifier-length=N' + Specify the maximum allowed identifier length. Typical values are + 31 (Fortran 95) and 63 (Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008). + +`-fimplicit-none' + Specify that no implicit typing is allowed, unless overridden by + explicit `IMPLICIT' statements. This is the equivalent of adding + `implicit none' to the start of every procedure. + +`-fcray-pointer' + Enable the Cray pointer extension, which provides C-like pointer + functionality. + +`-fopenmp' + Enable the OpenMP extensions. This includes OpenMP `!$omp' + directives in free form and `c$omp', `*$omp' and `!$omp' + directives in fixed form, `!$' conditional compilation sentinels + in free form and `c$', `*$' and `!$' sentinels in fixed form, and + when linking arranges for the OpenMP runtime library to be linked + in. The option `-fopenmp' implies `-frecursive'. + +`-fno-range-check' + Disable range checking on results of simplification of constant + expressions during compilation. For example, GNU Fortran will give + an error at compile time when simplifying `a = 1. / 0'. With this + option, no error will be given and `a' will be assigned the value + `+Infinity'. If an expression evaluates to a value outside of the + relevant range of [`-HUGE()':`HUGE()'], then the expression will + be replaced by `-Inf' or `+Inf' as appropriate. Similarly, `DATA + i/Z'FFFFFFFF'/' will result in an integer overflow on most + systems, but with `-fno-range-check' the value will "wrap around" + and `i' will be initialized to -1 instead. + +`-std=STD' + Specify the standard to which the program is expected to conform, + which may be one of `f95', `f2003', `f2008', `gnu', or `legacy'. + The default value for STD is `gnu', which specifies a superset of + the Fortran 95 standard that includes all of the extensions + supported by GNU Fortran, although warnings will be given for + obsolete extensions not recommended for use in new code. The + `legacy' value is equivalent but without the warnings for obsolete + extensions, and may be useful for old non-standard programs. The + `f95', `f2003' and `f2008' values specify strict conformance to + the Fortran 95, Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 standards, + respectively; errors are given for all extensions beyond the + relevant language standard, and warnings are given for the Fortran + 77 features that are permitted but obsolescent in later standards. + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Preprocessing Options, Next: Error and Warning Options, Prev: Fortran Dialect Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran + +2.3 Enable and customize preprocessing +====================================== + +Preprocessor related options. See section *note Preprocessing and +conditional compilation:: for more detailed information on +preprocessing in `gfortran'. + +`-cpp' +`-nocpp' + Enable preprocessing. The preprocessor is automatically invoked if + the file extension is `.fpp', `.FPP', `.F', `.FOR', `.FTN', + `.F90', `.F95', `.F03' or `.F08'. Use this option to manually + enable preprocessing of any kind of Fortran file. + + To disable preprocessing of files with any of the above listed + extensions, use the negative form: `-nocpp'. + + The preprocessor is run in traditional mode. Any restrictions of + the file-format, especially the limits on line length, apply for + preprocessed output as well, so it might be advisable to use the + `-ffree-line-length-none' or `-ffixed-line-length-none' options. + +`-dM' + Instead of the normal output, generate a list of `'#define'' + directives for all the macros defined during the execution of the + preprocessor, including predefined macros. This gives you a way of + finding out what is predefined in your version of the preprocessor. + Assuming you have no file `foo.f90', the command + touch foo.f90; gfortran -cpp -E -dM foo.f90 + will show all the predefined macros. + +`-dD' + Like `-dM' except in two respects: it does not include the + predefined macros, and it outputs both the `#define' directives + and the result of preprocessing. Both kinds of output go to the + standard output file. + +`-dN' + Like `-dD', but emit only the macro names, not their expansions. + +`-dU' + Like `dD' except that only macros that are expanded, or whose + definedness is tested in preprocessor directives, are output; the + output is delayed until the use or test of the macro; and + `'#undef'' directives are also output for macros tested but + undefined at the time. + +`-dI' + Output `'#include'' directives in addition to the result of + preprocessing. + +`-fworking-directory' + Enable generation of linemarkers in the preprocessor output that + will let the compiler know the current working directory at the + time of preprocessing. When this option is enabled, the + preprocessor will emit, after the initial linemarker, a second + linemarker with the current working directory followed by two + slashes. GCC will use this directory, when it's present in the + preprocessed input, as the directory emitted as the current + working directory in some debugging information formats. This + option is implicitly enabled if debugging information is enabled, + but this can be inhibited with the negated form + `-fno-working-directory'. If the `-P' flag is present in the + command line, this option has no effect, since no `#line' + directives are emitted whatsoever. + +`-idirafter DIR' + Search DIR for include files, but do it after all directories + specified with `-I' and the standard system directories have been + exhausted. DIR is treated as a system include directory. If dir + begins with `=', then the `=' will be replaced by the sysroot + prefix; see `--sysroot' and `-isysroot'. + +`-imultilib DIR' + Use DIR as a subdirectory of the directory containing + target-specific C++ headers. + +`-iprefix PREFIX' + Specify PREFIX as the prefix for subsequent `-iwithprefix' + options. If the PREFIX represents a directory, you should include + the final `'/''. + +`-isysroot DIR' + This option is like the `--sysroot' option, but applies only to + header files. See the `--sysroot' option for more information. + +`-iquote DIR' + Search DIR only for header files requested with `#include "file"'; + they are not searched for `#include <file>', before all directories + specified by `-I' and before the standard system directories. If + DIR begins with `=', then the `=' will be replaced by the sysroot + prefix; see `--sysroot' and `-isysroot'. + +`-isystem DIR' + Search DIR for header files, after all directories specified by + `-I' but before the standard system directories. Mark it as a + system directory, so that it gets the same special treatment as is + applied to the standard system directories. If DIR begins with + `=', then the `=' will be replaced by the sysroot prefix; see + `--sysroot' and `-isysroot'. + +`-nostdinc' + Do not search the standard system directories for header files. + Only the directories you have specified with `-I' options (and the + directory of the current file, if appropriate) are searched. + +`-undef' + Do not predefine any system-specific or GCC-specific macros. The + standard predefined macros remain defined. + +`-APREDICATE=ANSWER' + Make an assertion with the predicate PREDICATE and answer ANSWER. + This form is preferred to the older form -A predicate(answer), + which is still supported, because it does not use shell special + characters. + +`-A-PREDICATE=ANSWER' + Cancel an assertion with the predicate PREDICATE and answer ANSWER. + +`-C' + Do not discard comments. All comments are passed through to the + output file, except for comments in processed directives, which + are deleted along with the directive. + + You should be prepared for side effects when using `-C'; it causes + the preprocessor to treat comments as tokens in their own right. + For example, comments appearing at the start of what would be a + directive line have the effect of turning that line into an + ordinary source line, since the first token on the line is no + longer a `'#''. + + Warning: this currently handles C-Style comments only. The + preprocessor does not yet recognize Fortran-style comments. + +`-CC' + Do not discard comments, including during macro expansion. This is + like `-C', except that comments contained within macros are also + passed through to the output file where the macro is expanded. + + In addition to the side-effects of the `-C' option, the `-CC' + option causes all C++-style comments inside a macro to be + converted to C-style comments. This is to prevent later use of + that macro from inadvertently commenting out the remainder of the + source line. The `-CC' option is generally used to support lint + comments. + + Warning: this currently handles C- and C++-Style comments only. The + preprocessor does not yet recognize Fortran-style comments. + +`-DNAME' + Predefine name as a macro, with definition `1'. + +`-DNAME=DEFINITION' + The contents of DEFINITION are tokenized and processed as if they + appeared during translation phase three in a `'#define'' directive. + In particular, the definition will be truncated by embedded newline + characters. + + If you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like + program you may need to use the shell's quoting syntax to protect + characters such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax. + + If you wish to define a function-like macro on the command line, + write its argument list with surrounding parentheses before the + equals sign (if any). Parentheses are meaningful to most shells, + so you will need to quote the option. With sh and csh, + `-D'name(args...)=definition'' works. + + `-D' and `-U' options are processed in the order they are given on + the command line. All -imacros file and -include file options are + processed after all -D and -U options. + +`-H' + Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other + normal activities. Each name is indented to show how deep in the + `'#include'' stack it is. + +`-P' + Inhibit generation of linemarkers in the output from the + preprocessor. This might be useful when running the preprocessor + on something that is not C code, and will be sent to a program + which might be confused by the linemarkers. + +`-UNAME' + Cancel any previous definition of NAME, either built in or provided + with a `-D' option. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Error and Warning Options, Next: Debugging Options, Prev: Preprocessing Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran + +2.4 Options to request or suppress errors and warnings +====================================================== + +Errors are diagnostic messages that report that the GNU Fortran compiler +cannot compile the relevant piece of source code. The compiler will +continue to process the program in an attempt to report further errors +to aid in debugging, but will not produce any compiled output. + + Warnings are diagnostic messages that report constructions which are +not inherently erroneous but which are risky or suggest there is likely +to be a bug in the program. Unless `-Werror' is specified, they do not +prevent compilation of the program. + + You can request many specific warnings with options beginning `-W', +for example `-Wimplicit' to request warnings on implicit declarations. +Each of these specific warning options also has a negative form +beginning `-Wno-' to turn off warnings; for example, `-Wno-implicit'. +This manual lists only one of the two forms, whichever is not the +default. + + These options control the amount and kinds of errors and warnings +produced by GNU Fortran: + +`-fmax-errors=N' + Limits the maximum number of error messages to N, at which point + GNU Fortran bails out rather than attempting to continue + processing the source code. If N is 0, there is no limit on the + number of error messages produced. + +`-fsyntax-only' + Check the code for syntax errors, but don't actually compile it. + This will generate module files for each module present in the + code, but no other output file. + +`-pedantic' + Issue warnings for uses of extensions to Fortran 95. `-pedantic' + also applies to C-language constructs where they occur in GNU + Fortran source files, such as use of `\e' in a character constant + within a directive like `#include'. + + Valid Fortran 95 programs should compile properly with or without + this option. However, without this option, certain GNU extensions + and traditional Fortran features are supported as well. With this + option, many of them are rejected. + + Some users try to use `-pedantic' to check programs for + conformance. They soon find that it does not do quite what they + want--it finds some nonstandard practices, but not all. However, + improvements to GNU Fortran in this area are welcome. + + This should be used in conjunction with `-std=f95', `-std=f2003' + or `-std=f2008'. + +`-pedantic-errors' + Like `-pedantic', except that errors are produced rather than + warnings. + +`-Wall' + Enables commonly used warning options pertaining to usage that we + recommend avoiding and that we believe are easy to avoid. This + currently includes `-Waliasing', `-Wampersand', `-Wconversion', + `-Wsurprising', `-Wintrinsics-std', `-Wno-tabs', + `-Wintrinsic-shadow', `-Wline-truncation', `-Wreal-q-constant' and + `-Wunused'. + +`-Waliasing' + Warn about possible aliasing of dummy arguments. Specifically, it + warns if the same actual argument is associated with a dummy + argument with `INTENT(IN)' and a dummy argument with `INTENT(OUT)' + in a call with an explicit interface. + + The following example will trigger the warning. + interface + subroutine bar(a,b) + integer, intent(in) :: a + integer, intent(out) :: b + end subroutine + end interface + integer :: a + + call bar(a,a) + +`-Wampersand' + Warn about missing ampersand in continued character constants. The + warning is given with `-Wampersand', `-pedantic', `-std=f95', + `-std=f2003' and `-std=f2008'. Note: With no ampersand given in a + continued character constant, GNU Fortran assumes continuation at + the first non-comment, non-whitespace character after the ampersand + that initiated the continuation. + +`-Warray-temporaries' + Warn about array temporaries generated by the compiler. The + information generated by this warning is sometimes useful in + optimization, in order to avoid such temporaries. + +`-Wcharacter-truncation' + Warn when a character assignment will truncate the assigned string. + +`-Wline-truncation' + Warn when a source code line will be truncated. + +`-Wconversion' + Warn about implicit conversions that are likely to change the + value of the expression after conversion. Implied by `-Wall'. + +`-Wconversion-extra' + Warn about implicit conversions between different types and kinds. + +`-Wimplicit-interface' + Warn if a procedure is called without an explicit interface. Note + this only checks that an explicit interface is present. It does + not check that the declared interfaces are consistent across + program units. + +`-Wimplicit-procedure' + Warn if a procedure is called that has neither an explicit + interface nor has been declared as `EXTERNAL'. + +`-Wintrinsics-std' + Warn if `gfortran' finds a procedure named like an intrinsic not + available in the currently selected standard (with `-std') and + treats it as `EXTERNAL' procedure because of this. + `-fall-intrinsics' can be used to never trigger this behavior and + always link to the intrinsic regardless of the selected standard. + +`-Wreal-q-constant' + Produce a warning if a real-literal-constant contains a `q' + exponent-letter. + +`-Wsurprising' + Produce a warning when "suspicious" code constructs are + encountered. While technically legal these usually indicate that + an error has been made. + + This currently produces a warning under the following + circumstances: + + * An INTEGER SELECT construct has a CASE that can never be + matched as its lower value is greater than its upper value. + + * A LOGICAL SELECT construct has three CASE statements. + + * A TRANSFER specifies a source that is shorter than the + destination. + + * The type of a function result is declared more than once with + the same type. If `-pedantic' or standard-conforming mode is + enabled, this is an error. + + * A `CHARACTER' variable is declared with negative length. + +`-Wtabs' + By default, tabs are accepted as whitespace, but tabs are not + members of the Fortran Character Set. For continuation lines, a + tab followed by a digit between 1 and 9 is supported. `-Wno-tabs' + will cause a warning to be issued if a tab is encountered. Note, + `-Wno-tabs' is active for `-pedantic', `-std=f95', `-std=f2003', + `-std=f2008' and `-Wall'. + +`-Wunderflow' + Produce a warning when numerical constant expressions are + encountered, which yield an UNDERFLOW during compilation. + +`-Wintrinsic-shadow' + Warn if a user-defined procedure or module procedure has the same + name as an intrinsic; in this case, an explicit interface or + `EXTERNAL' or `INTRINSIC' declaration might be needed to get calls + later resolved to the desired intrinsic/procedure. + +`-Wunused-dummy-argument' + Warn about unused dummy arguments. This option is implied by + `-Wall'. + +`-Wunused-parameter' + Contrary to `gcc''s meaning of `-Wunused-parameter', `gfortran''s + implementation of this option does not warn about unused dummy + arguments (see `-Wunused-dummy-argument'), but about unused + `PARAMETER' values. `-Wunused-parameter' is not included in + `-Wall' but is implied by `-Wall -Wextra'. + +`-Walign-commons' + By default, `gfortran' warns about any occasion of variables being + padded for proper alignment inside a `COMMON' block. This warning + can be turned off via `-Wno-align-commons'. See also + `-falign-commons'. + +`-Werror' + Turns all warnings into errors. + + *Note Options to Request or Suppress Errors and Warnings: +(gcc)Warning Options, for information on more options offered by the +GBE shared by `gfortran', `gcc' and other GNU compilers. + + Some of these have no effect when compiling programs written in +Fortran. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Debugging Options, Next: Directory Options, Prev: Error and Warning Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran + +2.5 Options for debugging your program or GNU Fortran +===================================================== + +GNU Fortran has various special options that are used for debugging +either your program or the GNU Fortran compiler. + +`-fdump-fortran-original' + Output the internal parse tree after translating the source program + into internal representation. Only really useful for debugging the + GNU Fortran compiler itself. + +`-fdump-optimized-tree' + Output the parse tree after front-end optimization. Only really + useful for debugging the GNU Fortran compiler itself. + + Output the internal parse tree after translating the source program + into internal representation. Only really useful for debugging the + GNU Fortran compiler itself. This option is deprecated; use + `-fdump-fortran-original' instead. + +`-ffpe-trap=LIST' + Specify a list of IEEE exceptions when a Floating Point Exception + (FPE) should be raised. On most systems, this will result in a + SIGFPE signal being sent and the program being interrupted, + producing a core file useful for debugging. LIST is a (possibly + empty) comma-separated list of the following IEEE exceptions: + `invalid' (invalid floating point operation, such as + `SQRT(-1.0)'), `zero' (division by zero), `overflow' (overflow in + a floating point operation), `underflow' (underflow in a floating + point operation), `precision' (loss of precision during operation) + and `denormal' (operation produced a denormal value). + + Some of the routines in the Fortran runtime library, like + `CPU_TIME', are likely to trigger floating point exceptions when + `ffpe-trap=precision' is used. For this reason, the use of + `ffpe-trap=precision' is not recommended. + +`-fbacktrace' + Specify that, when a runtime error is encountered or a deadly + signal is emitted (segmentation fault, illegal instruction, bus + error or floating-point exception), the Fortran runtime library + should output a backtrace of the error. This option only has + influence for compilation of the Fortran main program. + +`-fdump-core' + Request that a core-dump file is written to disk when a runtime + error is encountered on systems that support core dumps. This + option is only effective for the compilation of the Fortran main + program. + + *Note Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC: (gcc)Debugging +Options, for more information on debugging options. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Directory Options, Next: Link Options, Prev: Debugging Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran + +2.6 Options for directory search +================================ + +These options affect how GNU Fortran searches for files specified by +the `INCLUDE' directive and where it searches for previously compiled +modules. + + It also affects the search paths used by `cpp' when used to +preprocess Fortran source. + +`-IDIR' + These affect interpretation of the `INCLUDE' directive (as well as + of the `#include' directive of the `cpp' preprocessor). + + Also note that the general behavior of `-I' and `INCLUDE' is + pretty much the same as of `-I' with `#include' in the `cpp' + preprocessor, with regard to looking for `header.gcc' files and + other such things. + + This path is also used to search for `.mod' files when previously + compiled modules are required by a `USE' statement. + + *Note Options for Directory Search: (gcc)Directory Options, for + information on the `-I' option. + +`-JDIR' + This option specifies where to put `.mod' files for compiled + modules. It is also added to the list of directories to searched + by an `USE' statement. + + The default is the current directory. + +`-fintrinsic-modules-path DIR' + This option specifies the location of pre-compiled intrinsic + modules, if they are not in the default location expected by the + compiler. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Link Options, Next: Runtime Options, Prev: Directory Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran + +2.7 Influencing the linking step +================================ + +These options come into play when the compiler links object files into +an executable output file. They are meaningless if the compiler is not +doing a link step. + +`-static-libgfortran' + On systems that provide `libgfortran' as a shared and a static + library, this option forces the use of the static version. If no + shared version of `libgfortran' was built when the compiler was + configured, this option has no effect. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Runtime Options, Next: Code Gen Options, Prev: Link Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran + +2.8 Influencing runtime behavior +================================ + +These options affect the runtime behavior of programs compiled with GNU +Fortran. + +`-fconvert=CONVERSION' + Specify the representation of data for unformatted files. Valid + values for conversion are: `native', the default; `swap', swap + between big- and little-endian; `big-endian', use big-endian + representation for unformatted files; `little-endian', use + little-endian representation for unformatted files. + + _This option has an effect only when used in the main program. + The `CONVERT' specifier and the GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT environment + variable override the default specified by `-fconvert'._ + +`-fno-range-check' + Disable range checking of input values during integer `READ' + operations. For example, GNU Fortran will give an error if an + input value is outside of the relevant range of + [`-HUGE()':`HUGE()']. In other words, with `INTEGER (kind=4) :: i' + , attempting to read -2147483648 will give an error unless + `-fno-range-check' is given. + +`-frecord-marker=LENGTH' + Specify the length of record markers for unformatted files. Valid + values for LENGTH are 4 and 8. Default is 4. _This is different + from previous versions of `gfortran'_, which specified a default + record marker length of 8 on most systems. If you want to read or + write files compatible with earlier versions of `gfortran', use + `-frecord-marker=8'. + +`-fmax-subrecord-length=LENGTH' + Specify the maximum length for a subrecord. The maximum permitted + value for length is 2147483639, which is also the default. Only + really useful for use by the gfortran testsuite. + +`-fsign-zero' + When enabled, floating point numbers of value zero with the sign + bit set are written as negative number in formatted output and + treated as negative in the `SIGN' intrinsic. `fno-sign-zero' does + not print the negative sign of zero values and regards zero as + positive number in the `SIGN' intrinsic for compatibility with F77. + Default behavior is to show the negative sign. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Code Gen Options, Next: Environment Variables, Prev: Runtime Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran + +2.9 Options for code generation conventions +=========================================== + +These machine-independent options control the interface conventions +used in code generation. + + Most of them have both positive and negative forms; the negative form +of `-ffoo' would be `-fno-foo'. In the table below, only one of the +forms is listed--the one which is not the default. You can figure out +the other form by either removing `no-' or adding it. + +`-fno-automatic' + Treat each program unit (except those marked as RECURSIVE) as if + the `SAVE' statement were specified for every local variable and + array referenced in it. Does not affect common blocks. (Some + Fortran compilers provide this option under the name `-static' or + `-save'.) The default, which is `-fautomatic', uses the stack for + local variables smaller than the value given by + `-fmax-stack-var-size'. Use the option `-frecursive' to use no + static memory. + +`-ff2c' + Generate code designed to be compatible with code generated by + `g77' and `f2c'. + + The calling conventions used by `g77' (originally implemented in + `f2c') require functions that return type default `REAL' to + actually return the C type `double', and functions that return + type `COMPLEX' to return the values via an extra argument in the + calling sequence that points to where to store the return value. + Under the default GNU calling conventions, such functions simply + return their results as they would in GNU C--default `REAL' + functions return the C type `float', and `COMPLEX' functions + return the GNU C type `complex'. Additionally, this option + implies the `-fsecond-underscore' option, unless + `-fno-second-underscore' is explicitly requested. + + This does not affect the generation of code that interfaces with + the `libgfortran' library. + + _Caution:_ It is not a good idea to mix Fortran code compiled with + `-ff2c' with code compiled with the default `-fno-f2c' calling + conventions as, calling `COMPLEX' or default `REAL' functions + between program parts which were compiled with different calling + conventions will break at execution time. + + _Caution:_ This will break code which passes intrinsic functions + of type default `REAL' or `COMPLEX' as actual arguments, as the + library implementations use the `-fno-f2c' calling conventions. + +`-fno-underscoring' + Do not transform names of entities specified in the Fortran source + file by appending underscores to them. + + With `-funderscoring' in effect, GNU Fortran appends one + underscore to external names with no underscores. This is done to + ensure compatibility with code produced by many UNIX Fortran + compilers. + + _Caution_: The default behavior of GNU Fortran is incompatible + with `f2c' and `g77', please use the `-ff2c' option if you want + object files compiled with GNU Fortran to be compatible with + object code created with these tools. + + Use of `-fno-underscoring' is not recommended unless you are + experimenting with issues such as integration of GNU Fortran into + existing system environments (vis-a`-vis existing libraries, tools, + and so on). + + For example, with `-funderscoring', and assuming other defaults + like `-fcase-lower' and that `j()' and `max_count()' are external + functions while `my_var' and `lvar' are local variables, a + statement like + I = J() + MAX_COUNT (MY_VAR, LVAR) + is implemented as something akin to: + i = j_() + max_count__(&my_var__, &lvar); + + With `-fno-underscoring', the same statement is implemented as: + + i = j() + max_count(&my_var, &lvar); + + Use of `-fno-underscoring' allows direct specification of + user-defined names while debugging and when interfacing GNU Fortran + code with other languages. + + Note that just because the names match does _not_ mean that the + interface implemented by GNU Fortran for an external name matches + the interface implemented by some other language for that same + name. That is, getting code produced by GNU Fortran to link to + code produced by some other compiler using this or any other + method can be only a small part of the overall solution--getting + the code generated by both compilers to agree on issues other than + naming can require significant effort, and, unlike naming + disagreements, linkers normally cannot detect disagreements in + these other areas. + + Also, note that with `-fno-underscoring', the lack of appended + underscores introduces the very real possibility that a + user-defined external name will conflict with a name in a system + library, which could make finding unresolved-reference bugs quite + difficult in some cases--they might occur at program run time, and + show up only as buggy behavior at run time. + + In future versions of GNU Fortran we hope to improve naming and + linking issues so that debugging always involves using the names + as they appear in the source, even if the names as seen by the + linker are mangled to prevent accidental linking between + procedures with incompatible interfaces. + +`-fno-whole-file' + This flag causes the compiler to resolve and translate each + procedure in a file separately. + + By default, the whole file is parsed and placed in a single + front-end tree. During resolution, in addition to all the usual + checks and fixups, references to external procedures that are in + the same file effect resolution of that procedure, if not already + done, and a check of the interfaces. The dependences are resolved + by changing the order in which the file is translated into the + backend tree. Thus, a procedure that is referenced is translated + before the reference and the duplication of backend tree + declarations eliminated. + + The `-fno-whole-file' option is deprecated and may lead to wrong + code. + +`-fsecond-underscore' + By default, GNU Fortran appends an underscore to external names. + If this option is used GNU Fortran appends two underscores to + names with underscores and one underscore to external names with + no underscores. GNU Fortran also appends two underscores to + internal names with underscores to avoid naming collisions with + external names. + + This option has no effect if `-fno-underscoring' is in effect. It + is implied by the `-ff2c' option. + + Otherwise, with this option, an external name such as `MAX_COUNT' + is implemented as a reference to the link-time external symbol + `max_count__', instead of `max_count_'. This is required for + compatibility with `g77' and `f2c', and is implied by use of the + `-ff2c' option. + +`-fcoarray=<KEYWORD>' + + `none' + Disable coarray support; using coarray declarations and + image-control statements will produce a compile-time error. + (Default) + + `single' + Single-image mode, i.e. `num_images()' is always one. + +`-fcheck=<KEYWORD>' + Enable the generation of run-time checks; the argument shall be a + comma-delimited list of the following keywords. + + `all' + Enable all run-time test of `-fcheck'. + + `array-temps' + Warns at run time when for passing an actual argument a + temporary array had to be generated. The information + generated by this warning is sometimes useful in + optimization, in order to avoid such temporaries. + + Note: The warning is only printed once per location. + + `bounds' + Enable generation of run-time checks for array subscripts and + against the declared minimum and maximum values. It also + checks array indices for assumed and deferred shape arrays + against the actual allocated bounds and ensures that all + string lengths are equal for character array constructors + without an explicit typespec. + + Some checks require that `-fcheck=bounds' is set for the + compilation of the main program. + + Note: In the future this may also include other forms of + checking, e.g., checking substring references. + + `do' + Enable generation of run-time checks for invalid modification + of loop iteration variables. + + `mem' + Enable generation of run-time checks for memory allocation. + Note: This option does not affect explicit allocations using + the `ALLOCATE' statement, which will be always checked. + + `pointer' + Enable generation of run-time checks for pointers and + allocatables. + + `recursion' + Enable generation of run-time checks for recursively called + subroutines and functions which are not marked as recursive. + See also `-frecursive'. Note: This check does not work for + OpenMP programs and is disabled if used together with + `-frecursive' and `-fopenmp'. + +`-fbounds-check' + Deprecated alias for `-fcheck=bounds'. + +`-fcheck-array-temporaries' + Deprecated alias for `-fcheck=array-temps'. + +`-fmax-array-constructor=N' + This option can be used to increase the upper limit permitted in + array constructors. The code below requires this option to expand + the array at compile time. + + program test + implicit none + integer j + integer, parameter :: n = 100000 + integer, parameter :: i(n) = (/ (2*j, j = 1, n) /) + print '(10(I0,1X))', i + end program test + + _Caution: This option can lead to long compile times and + excessively large object files._ + + The default value for N is 65535. + +`-fmax-stack-var-size=N' + This option specifies the size in bytes of the largest array that + will be put on the stack; if the size is exceeded static memory is + used (except in procedures marked as RECURSIVE). Use the option + `-frecursive' to allow for recursive procedures which do not have + a RECURSIVE attribute or for parallel programs. Use + `-fno-automatic' to never use the stack. + + This option currently only affects local arrays declared with + constant bounds, and may not apply to all character variables. + Future versions of GNU Fortran may improve this behavior. + + The default value for N is 32768. + +`-fpack-derived' + This option tells GNU Fortran to pack derived type members as + closely as possible. Code compiled with this option is likely to + be incompatible with code compiled without this option, and may + execute slower. + +`-frepack-arrays' + In some circumstances GNU Fortran may pass assumed shape array + sections via a descriptor describing a noncontiguous area of + memory. This option adds code to the function prologue to repack + the data into a contiguous block at runtime. + + This should result in faster accesses to the array. However it + can introduce significant overhead to the function call, + especially when the passed data is noncontiguous. + +`-fshort-enums' + This option is provided for interoperability with C code that was + compiled with the `-fshort-enums' option. It will make GNU + Fortran choose the smallest `INTEGER' kind a given enumerator set + will fit in, and give all its enumerators this kind. + +`-fexternal-blas' + This option will make `gfortran' generate calls to BLAS functions + for some matrix operations like `MATMUL', instead of using our own + algorithms, if the size of the matrices involved is larger than a + given limit (see `-fblas-matmul-limit'). This may be profitable + if an optimized vendor BLAS library is available. The BLAS + library will have to be specified at link time. + +`-fblas-matmul-limit=N' + Only significant when `-fexternal-blas' is in effect. Matrix + multiplication of matrices with size larger than (or equal to) N + will be performed by calls to BLAS functions, while others will be + handled by `gfortran' internal algorithms. If the matrices + involved are not square, the size comparison is performed using the + geometric mean of the dimensions of the argument and result + matrices. + + The default value for N is 30. + +`-frecursive' + Allow indirect recursion by forcing all local arrays to be + allocated on the stack. This flag cannot be used together with + `-fmax-stack-var-size=' or `-fno-automatic'. + +`-finit-local-zero' +`-finit-integer=N' +`-finit-real=<ZERO|INF|-INF|NAN|SNAN>' +`-finit-logical=<TRUE|FALSE>' +`-finit-character=N' + The `-finit-local-zero' option instructs the compiler to + initialize local `INTEGER', `REAL', and `COMPLEX' variables to + zero, `LOGICAL' variables to false, and `CHARACTER' variables to a + string of null bytes. Finer-grained initialization options are + provided by the `-finit-integer=N', + `-finit-real=<ZERO|INF|-INF|NAN|SNAN>' (which also initializes the + real and imaginary parts of local `COMPLEX' variables), + `-finit-logical=<TRUE|FALSE>', and `-finit-character=N' (where N + is an ASCII character value) options. These options do not + initialize + * allocatable arrays + + * components of derived type variables + + * variables that appear in an `EQUIVALENCE' statement. + (These limitations may be removed in future releases). + + Note that the `-finit-real=nan' option initializes `REAL' and + `COMPLEX' variables with a quiet NaN. For a signalling NaN use + `-finit-real=snan'; note, however, that compile-time optimizations + may convert them into quiet NaN and that trapping needs to be + enabled (e.g. via `-ffpe-trap'). + +`-falign-commons' + By default, `gfortran' enforces proper alignment of all variables + in a `COMMON' block by padding them as needed. On certain + platforms this is mandatory, on others it increases performance. + If a `COMMON' block is not declared with consistent data types + everywhere, this padding can cause trouble, and + `-fno-align-commons' can be used to disable automatic alignment. + The same form of this option should be used for all files that + share a `COMMON' block. To avoid potential alignment issues in + `COMMON' blocks, it is recommended to order objects from largest + to smallest. + +`-fno-protect-parens' + By default the parentheses in expression are honored for all + optimization levels such that the compiler does not do any + re-association. Using `-fno-protect-parens' allows the compiler to + reorder `REAL' and `COMPLEX' expressions to produce faster code. + Note that for the re-association optimization `-fno-signed-zeros' + and `-fno-trapping-math' need to be in effect. + +`-frealloc-lhs' + An allocatable left-hand side of an intrinsic assignment is + automatically (re)allocated if it is either unallocated or has a + different shape. The option is enabled by default except when + `-std=f95' is given. + + *Note Options for Code Generation Conventions: (gcc)Code Gen +Options, for information on more options offered by the GBE shared by +`gfortran', `gcc', and other GNU compilers. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Environment Variables, Prev: Code Gen Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran + +2.10 Environment variables affecting `gfortran' +=============================================== + +The `gfortran' compiler currently does not make use of any environment +variables to control its operation above and beyond those that affect +the operation of `gcc'. + + *Note Environment Variables Affecting GCC: (gcc)Environment +Variables, for information on environment variables. + + *Note Runtime::, for environment variables that affect the run-time +behavior of programs compiled with GNU Fortran. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Runtime, Next: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status, Prev: Invoking GNU Fortran, Up: Top + +3 Runtime: Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables +******************************************************************* + +The behavior of the `gfortran' can be influenced by environment +variables. + + Malformed environment variables are silently ignored. + +* Menu: + +* GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT:: Unit number for standard input +* GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT:: Unit number for standard output +* GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT:: Unit number for standard error +* GFORTRAN_USE_STDERR:: Send library output to standard error +* GFORTRAN_TMPDIR:: Directory for scratch files +* GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL:: Don't buffer I/O for all units. +* GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED:: Don't buffer I/O for preconnected units. +* GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS:: Show location for runtime errors +* GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS:: Print leading + where permitted +* GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL:: Default record length for new files +* GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR:: Separator for list output +* GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT:: Set endianness for unformatted I/O +* GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE:: Dump core on run-time errors +* GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE:: Show backtrace on run-time errors + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT, Next: GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT, Up: Runtime + +3.1 `GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT'--Unit number for standard input +========================================================= + +This environment variable can be used to select the unit number +preconnected to standard input. This must be a positive integer. The +default value is 5. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT, Next: GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT, Prev: GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT, Up: Runtime + +3.2 `GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT'--Unit number for standard output +=========================================================== + +This environment variable can be used to select the unit number +preconnected to standard output. This must be a positive integer. The +default value is 6. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT, Next: GFORTRAN_USE_STDERR, Prev: GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT, Up: Runtime + +3.3 `GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT'--Unit number for standard error +========================================================== + +This environment variable can be used to select the unit number +preconnected to standard error. This must be a positive integer. The +default value is 0. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_USE_STDERR, Next: GFORTRAN_TMPDIR, Prev: GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT, Up: Runtime + +3.4 `GFORTRAN_USE_STDERR'--Send library output to standard error +================================================================ + +This environment variable controls where library output is sent. If +the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', standard error is used. If the +first letter is `n', `N' or `0', standard output is used. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_TMPDIR, Next: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL, Prev: GFORTRAN_USE_STDERR, Up: Runtime + +3.5 `GFORTRAN_TMPDIR'--Directory for scratch files +================================================== + +This environment variable controls where scratch files are created. If +this environment variable is missing, GNU Fortran searches for the +environment variable `TMP', then `TEMP'. If these are missing, the +default is `/tmp'. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL, Next: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED, Prev: GFORTRAN_TMPDIR, Up: Runtime + +3.6 `GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL'--Don't buffer I/O on all units +============================================================ + +This environment variable controls whether all I/O is unbuffered. If +the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', all I/O is unbuffered. This will +slow down small sequential reads and writes. If the first letter is +`n', `N' or `0', I/O is buffered. This is the default. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED, Next: GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS, Prev: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL, Up: Runtime + +3.7 `GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED'--Don't buffer I/O on preconnected units +============================================================================== + +The environment variable named `GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED' +controls whether I/O on a preconnected unit (i.e. STDOUT or STDERR) is +unbuffered. If the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', I/O is unbuffered. +This will slow down small sequential reads and writes. If the first +letter is `n', `N' or `0', I/O is buffered. This is the default. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS, Next: GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS, Prev: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED, Up: Runtime + +3.8 `GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS'--Show location for runtime errors +=========================================================== + +If the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', filename and line numbers for +runtime errors are printed. If the first letter is `n', `N' or `0', +don't print filename and line numbers for runtime errors. The default +is to print the location. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS, Next: GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL, Prev: GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS, Up: Runtime + +3.9 `GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS'--Print leading + where permitted +============================================================= + +If the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', a plus sign is printed where +permitted by the Fortran standard. If the first letter is `n', `N' or +`0', a plus sign is not printed in most cases. Default is not to print +plus signs. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL, Next: GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR, Prev: GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS, Up: Runtime + +3.10 `GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL'--Default record length for new files +================================================================= + +This environment variable specifies the default record length, in +bytes, for files which are opened without a `RECL' tag in the `OPEN' +statement. This must be a positive integer. The default value is +1073741824 bytes (1 GB). + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR, Next: GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT, Prev: GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL, Up: Runtime + +3.11 `GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR'--Separator for list output +========================================================= + +This environment variable specifies the separator when writing +list-directed output. It may contain any number of spaces and at most +one comma. If you specify this on the command line, be sure to quote +spaces, as in + $ GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR=' , ' ./a.out + when `a.out' is the compiled Fortran program that you want to run. +Default is a single space. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT, Next: GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE, Prev: GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR, Up: Runtime + +3.12 `GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT'--Set endianness for unformatted I/O +================================================================ + +By setting the `GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT' variable, it is possible to +change the representation of data for unformatted files. The syntax +for the `GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT' variable is: + GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT: mode | mode ';' exception | exception ; + mode: 'native' | 'swap' | 'big_endian' | 'little_endian' ; + exception: mode ':' unit_list | unit_list ; + unit_list: unit_spec | unit_list unit_spec ; + unit_spec: INTEGER | INTEGER '-' INTEGER ; + The variable consists of an optional default mode, followed by a +list of optional exceptions, which are separated by semicolons from the +preceding default and each other. Each exception consists of a format +and a comma-separated list of units. Valid values for the modes are +the same as for the `CONVERT' specifier: + + `NATIVE' Use the native format. This is the default. + + `SWAP' Swap between little- and big-endian. + + `LITTLE_ENDIAN' Use the little-endian format for unformatted files. + + `BIG_ENDIAN' Use the big-endian format for unformatted files. + A missing mode for an exception is taken to mean `BIG_ENDIAN'. +Examples of values for `GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT' are: + `'big_endian'' Do all unformatted I/O in big_endian mode. + + `'little_endian;native:10-20,25'' Do all unformatted I/O in + little_endian mode, except for units 10 to 20 and 25, which are in + native format. + + `'10-20'' Units 10 to 20 are big-endian, the rest is native. + + Setting the environment variables should be done on the command line +or via the `export' command for `sh'-compatible shells and via `setenv' +for `csh'-compatible shells. + + Example for `sh': + $ gfortran foo.f90 + $ GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT='big_endian;native:10-20' ./a.out + + Example code for `csh': + % gfortran foo.f90 + % setenv GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT 'big_endian;native:10-20' + % ./a.out + + Using anything but the native representation for unformatted data +carries a significant speed overhead. If speed in this area matters to +you, it is best if you use this only for data that needs to be portable. + + *Note CONVERT specifier::, for an alternative way to specify the +data representation for unformatted files. *Note Runtime Options::, for +setting a default data representation for the whole program. The +`CONVERT' specifier overrides the `-fconvert' compile options. + + _Note that the values specified via the GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT +environment variable will override the CONVERT specifier in the open +statement_. This is to give control over data formats to users who do +not have the source code of their program available. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE, Next: GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE, Prev: GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT, Up: Runtime + +3.13 `GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE'--Dump core on run-time errors +============================================================ + +If the `GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE' variable is set to `y', `Y' or `1' +(only the first letter is relevant) then library run-time errors cause +core dumps. To disable the core dumps, set the variable to `n', `N', +`0'. Default is not to core dump unless the `-fdump-core' compile +option was used. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE, Prev: GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE, Up: Runtime + +3.14 `GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE'--Show backtrace on run-time errors +================================================================== + +If the `GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE' variable is set to `y', `Y' or `1' +(only the first letter is relevant) then a backtrace is printed when a +run-time error occurs. To disable the backtracing, set the variable to +`n', `N', `0'. Default is not to print a backtrace unless the +`-fbacktrace' compile option was used. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status, Next: Compiler Characteristics, Prev: Runtime, Up: Top + +4 Fortran 2003 and 2008 Status +****************************** + +* Menu: + +* Fortran 2003 status:: +* Fortran 2008 status:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Fortran 2003 status, Next: Fortran 2008 status, Up: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status + +4.1 Fortran 2003 status +======================= + +GNU Fortran supports several Fortran 2003 features; an incomplete list +can be found below. See also the wiki page +(http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Fortran2003) about Fortran 2003. + + * Procedure pointers including procedure-pointer components with + `PASS' attribute. + + * Procedures which are bound to a derived type (type-bound + procedures) including `PASS', `PROCEDURE' and `GENERIC', and + operators bound to a type. + + * Abstract interfaces and and type extension with the possibility to + override type-bound procedures or to have deferred binding. + + * Polymorphic entities ("`CLASS'") for derived types - including + `SAME_TYPE_AS', `EXTENDS_TYPE_OF' and `SELECT TYPE'. Note that + the support for array-valued polymorphic entities is incomplete + and unlimited polymophism is currently not supported. + + * The `ASSOCIATE' construct. + + * Interoperability with C including enumerations, + + * In structure constructors the components with default values may be + omitted. + + * Extensions to the `ALLOCATE' statement, allowing for a + type-specification with type parameter and for allocation and + initialization from a `SOURCE=' expression; `ALLOCATE' and + `DEALLOCATE' optionally return an error message string via + `ERRMSG='. + + * Reallocation on assignment: If an intrinsic assignment is used, an + allocatable variable on the left-hand side is automatically + allocated (if unallocated) or reallocated (if the shape is + different). Currently, scalar deferred character length left-hand + sides are correctly handled but arrays are not yet fully + implemented. + + * Transferring of allocations via `MOVE_ALLOC'. + + * The `PRIVATE' and `PUBLIC' attributes may be given individually to + derived-type components. + + * In pointer assignments, the lower bound may be specified and the + remapping of elements is supported. + + * For pointers an `INTENT' may be specified which affect the + association status not the value of the pointer target. + + * Intrinsics `command_argument_count', `get_command', + `get_command_argument', and `get_environment_variable'. + + * Support for unicode characters (ISO 10646) and UTF-8, including + the `SELECTED_CHAR_KIND' and `NEW_LINE' intrinsic functions. + + * Support for binary, octal and hexadecimal (BOZ) constants in the + intrinsic functions `INT', `REAL', `CMPLX' and `DBLE'. + + * Support for namelist variables with allocatable and pointer + attribute and nonconstant length type parameter. + + * Array constructors using square brackets. That is, `[...]' rather + than `(/.../)'. Type-specification for array constructors like + `(/ some-type :: ... /)'. + + * Extensions to the specification and initialization expressions, + including the support for intrinsics with real and complex + arguments. + + * Support for the asynchronous input/output syntax; however, the + data transfer is currently always synchronously performed. + + * `FLUSH' statement. + + * `IOMSG=' specifier for I/O statements. + + * Support for the declaration of enumeration constants via the + `ENUM' and `ENUMERATOR' statements. Interoperability with `gcc' + is guaranteed also for the case where the `-fshort-enums' command + line option is given. + + * TR 15581: + * `ALLOCATABLE' dummy arguments. + + * `ALLOCATABLE' function results + + * `ALLOCATABLE' components of derived types + + * The `OPEN' statement supports the `ACCESS='STREAM'' specifier, + allowing I/O without any record structure. + + * Namelist input/output for internal files. + + * Further I/O extensions: Rounding during formatted output, using of + a decimal comma instead of a decimal point, setting whether a plus + sign should appear for positive numbers. + + * The `PROTECTED' statement and attribute. + + * The `VALUE' statement and attribute. + + * The `VOLATILE' statement and attribute. + + * The `IMPORT' statement, allowing to import host-associated derived + types. + + * The intrinsic modules `ISO_FORTRAN_ENVIRONMENT' is supported, + which contains parameters of the I/O units, storage sizes. + Additionally, procedures for C interoperability are available in + the `ISO_C_BINDING' module. + + * `USE' statement with `INTRINSIC' and `NON_INTRINSIC' attribute; + supported intrinsic modules: `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV', `ISO_C_BINDING', + `OMP_LIB' and `OMP_LIB_KINDS'. + + * Renaming of operators in the `USE' statement. + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Fortran 2008 status, Prev: Fortran 2003 status, Up: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status + +4.2 Fortran 2008 status +======================= + +The latest version of the Fortran standard is ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010, +informally known as Fortran 2008. The official version is available +from International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or its +national member organizations. The the final draft (FDIS) can be +downloaded free of charge from +`http://www.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/links.html'. Fortran is developed by the +Working Group 5 of Sub-Committee 22 of the Joint Technical Committee 1 +of the International Organization for Standardization and the +International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). This group is known as +WG5 (http://www.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/). + + The GNU Fortran supports several of the new features of Fortran +2008; the wiki (http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Fortran2008Status) has some +information about the current Fortran 2008 implementation status. In +particular, the following is implemented. + + * The `-std=f2008' option and support for the file extensions `.f08' + and `.F08'. + + * The `OPEN' statement now supports the `NEWUNIT=' option, which + returns a unique file unit, thus preventing inadvertent use of the + same unit in different parts of the program. + + * The `g0' format descriptor and unlimited format items. + + * The mathematical intrinsics `ASINH', `ACOSH', `ATANH', `ERF', + `ERFC', `GAMMA', `LOG_GAMMA', `BESSEL_J0', `BESSEL_J1', + `BESSEL_JN', `BESSEL_Y0', `BESSEL_Y1', `BESSEL_YN', `HYPOT', + `NORM2', and `ERFC_SCALED'. + + * Using complex arguments with `TAN', `SINH', `COSH', `TANH', + `ASIN', `ACOS', and `ATAN' is now possible; `ATAN'(Y,X) is now an + alias for `ATAN2'(Y,X). + + * Support of the `PARITY' intrinsic functions. + + * The following bit intrinsics: `LEADZ' and `TRAILZ' for counting + the number of leading and trailing zero bits, `POPCNT' and + `POPPAR' for counting the number of one bits and returning the + parity; `BGE', `BGT', `BLE', and `BLT' for bitwise comparisons; + `DSHIFTL' and `DSHIFTR' for combined left and right shifts, + `MASKL' and `MASKR' for simple left and right justified masks, + `MERGE_BITS' for a bitwise merge using a mask, `SHIFTA', `SHIFTL' + and `SHIFTR' for shift operations, and the transformational bit + intrinsics `IALL', `IANY' and `IPARITY'. + + * Support of the `EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE' intrinsic subroutine. + + * Support for the `STORAGE_SIZE' intrinsic inquiry function. + + * The `INT{8,16,32}' and `REAL{32,64,128}' kind type parameters and + the array-valued named constants `INTEGER_KINDS', `LOGICAL_KINDS', + `REAL_KINDS' and `CHARACTER_KINDS' of the intrinsic module + `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV'. + + * The module procedures `C_SIZEOF' of the intrinsic module + `ISO_C_BINDINGS' and `COMPILER_VERSION' and `COMPILER_OPTIONS' of + `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV'. + + * Experimental coarray support (for one image only), use the + `-fcoarray=single' flag to enable it. + + * The `BLOCK' construct is supported. + + * The `STOP' and the new `ERROR STOP' statements now support all + constant expressions. + + * Support for the `CONTIGUOUS' attribute. + + * Support for `ALLOCATE' with `MOLD'. + + * Support for the `IMPURE' attribute for procedures, which allows + for `ELEMENTAL' procedures without the restrictions of `PURE'. + + * Null pointers (including `NULL()') and not-allocated variables can + be used as actual argument to optional non-pointer, non-allocatable + dummy arguments, denoting an absent argument. + + * Non-pointer variables with `TARGET' attribute can be used as + actual argument to `POINTER' dummies with `INTENT(IN)'. + + * Pointers including procedure pointers and those in a derived type + (pointer components) can now be initialized by a target instead of + only by `NULL'. + + * The `EXIT' statement (with construct-name) can be now be used to + leave not only the `DO' but also the `ASSOCIATE', `BLOCK', `IF', + `SELECT CASE' and `SELECT TYPE' constructs. + + * Internal procedures can now be used as actual argument. + + * Minor features: obsolesce diagnostics for `ENTRY' with + `-std=f2008'; a line may start with a semicolon; for internal and + module procedures `END' can be used instead of `END SUBROUTINE' + and `END FUNCTION'; `SELECTED_REAL_KIND' now also takes a `RADIX' + argument; intrinsic types are supported for + `TYPE'(INTRINSIC-TYPE-SPEC); multiple type-bound procedures can be + declared in a single `PROCEDURE' statement; implied-shape arrays + are supported for named constants (`PARAMETER'). + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Compiler Characteristics, Next: Mixed-Language Programming, Prev: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status, Up: Top + +5 Compiler Characteristics +************************** + +This chapter describes certain characteristics of the GNU Fortran +compiler, that are not specified by the Fortran standard, but which +might in some way or another become visible to the programmer. + +* Menu: + +* KIND Type Parameters:: +* Internal representation of LOGICAL variables:: +* Thread-safety of the runtime library:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: KIND Type Parameters, Next: Internal representation of LOGICAL variables, Up: Compiler Characteristics + +5.1 KIND Type Parameters +======================== + +The `KIND' type parameters supported by GNU Fortran for the primitive +data types are: + +`INTEGER' + 1, 2, 4, 8*, 16*, default: 4 (1) + +`LOGICAL' + 1, 2, 4, 8*, 16*, default: 4 (1) + +`REAL' + 4, 8, 10*, 16*, default: 4 (2) + +`COMPLEX' + 4, 8, 10*, 16*, default: 4 (2) + +`CHARACTER' + 1, 4, default: 1 + + +* = not available on all systems +(1) Unless -fdefault-integer-8 is used +(2) Unless -fdefault-real-8 is used + +The `KIND' value matches the storage size in bytes, except for +`COMPLEX' where the storage size is twice as much (or both real and +imaginary part are a real value of the given size). It is recommended +to use the `SELECTED_CHAR_KIND', `SELECTED_INT_KIND' and +`SELECTED_REAL_KIND' intrinsics or the `INT8', `INT16', `INT32', +`INT64', `REAL32', `REAL64', and `REAL128' parameters of the +`ISO_FORTRAN_ENV' module instead of the concrete values. The available +kind parameters can be found in the constant arrays `CHARACTER_KINDS', +`INTEGER_KINDS', `LOGICAL_KINDS' and `REAL_KINDS' in the +`ISO_FORTRAN_ENV' module (see *note ISO_FORTRAN_ENV::). + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Internal representation of LOGICAL variables, Next: Thread-safety of the runtime library, Prev: KIND Type Parameters, Up: Compiler Characteristics + +5.2 Internal representation of LOGICAL variables +================================================ + +The Fortran standard does not specify how variables of `LOGICAL' type +are represented, beyond requiring that `LOGICAL' variables of default +kind have the same storage size as default `INTEGER' and `REAL' +variables. The GNU Fortran internal representation is as follows. + + A `LOGICAL(KIND=N)' variable is represented as an `INTEGER(KIND=N)' +variable, however, with only two permissible values: `1' for `.TRUE.' +and `0' for `.FALSE.'. Any other integer value results in undefined +behavior. + + Note that for mixed-language programming using the `ISO_C_BINDING' +feature, there is a `C_BOOL' kind that can be used to create +`LOGICAL(KIND=C_BOOL)' variables which are interoperable with the C99 +_Bool type. The C99 _Bool type has an internal representation +described in the C99 standard, which is identical to the above +description, i.e. with 1 for true and 0 for false being the only +permissible values. Thus the internal representation of `LOGICAL' +variables in GNU Fortran is identical to C99 _Bool, except for a +possible difference in storage size depending on the kind. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Thread-safety of the runtime library, Prev: Internal representation of LOGICAL variables, Up: Compiler Characteristics + +5.3 Thread-safety of the runtime library +======================================== + +GNU Fortran can be used in programs with multiple threads, e.g. by +using OpenMP, by calling OS thread handling functions via the +`ISO_C_BINDING' facility, or by GNU Fortran compiled library code being +called from a multi-threaded program. + + The GNU Fortran runtime library, (`libgfortran'), supports being +called concurrently from multiple threads with the following exceptions. + + During library initialization, the C `getenv' function is used, +which need not be thread-safe. Similarly, the `getenv' function is +used to implement the `GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE' and `GETENV' +intrinsics. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the +environment is not being updated concurrently when any of these actions +are taking place. + + The `EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE' and `SYSTEM' intrinsics are implemented +with the `system' function, which need not be thread-safe. It is the +responsibility of the user to ensure that `system' is not called +concurrently. + + Finally, for platforms not supporting thread-safe POSIX functions, +further functionality might not be thread-safe. For details, please +consult the documentation for your operating system. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Extensions, Next: Intrinsic Procedures, Prev: Mixed-Language Programming, Up: Top + +6 Extensions +************ + +The two sections below detail the extensions to standard Fortran that +are implemented in GNU Fortran, as well as some of the popular or +historically important extensions that are not (or not yet) implemented. +For the latter case, we explain the alternatives available to GNU +Fortran users, including replacement by standard-conforming code or GNU +extensions. + +* Menu: + +* Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran:: +* Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran, Next: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran, Up: Extensions + +6.1 Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran +========================================= + +GNU Fortran implements a number of extensions over standard Fortran. +This chapter contains information on their syntax and meaning. There +are currently two categories of GNU Fortran extensions, those that +provide functionality beyond that provided by any standard, and those +that are supported by GNU Fortran purely for backward compatibility +with legacy compilers. By default, `-std=gnu' allows the compiler to +accept both types of extensions, but to warn about the use of the +latter. Specifying either `-std=f95', `-std=f2003' or `-std=f2008' +disables both types of extensions, and `-std=legacy' allows both +without warning. + +* Menu: + +* Old-style kind specifications:: +* Old-style variable initialization:: +* Extensions to namelist:: +* X format descriptor without count field:: +* Commas in FORMAT specifications:: +* Missing period in FORMAT specifications:: +* I/O item lists:: +* BOZ literal constants:: +* `Q' exponent-letter:: +* Real array indices:: +* Unary operators:: +* Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values:: +* Hollerith constants support:: +* Cray pointers:: +* CONVERT specifier:: +* OpenMP:: +* Argument list functions:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Old-style kind specifications, Next: Old-style variable initialization, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.1.1 Old-style kind specifications +----------------------------------- + +GNU Fortran allows old-style kind specifications in declarations. These +look like: + TYPESPEC*size x,y,z + where `TYPESPEC' is a basic type (`INTEGER', `REAL', etc.), and +where `size' is a byte count corresponding to the storage size of a +valid kind for that type. (For `COMPLEX' variables, `size' is the +total size of the real and imaginary parts.) The statement then +declares `x', `y' and `z' to be of type `TYPESPEC' with the appropriate +kind. This is equivalent to the standard-conforming declaration + TYPESPEC(k) x,y,z + where `k' is the kind parameter suitable for the intended precision. +As kind parameters are implementation-dependent, use the `KIND', +`SELECTED_INT_KIND' and `SELECTED_REAL_KIND' intrinsics to retrieve the +correct value, for instance `REAL*8 x' can be replaced by: + INTEGER, PARAMETER :: dbl = KIND(1.0d0) + REAL(KIND=dbl) :: x + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Old-style variable initialization, Next: Extensions to namelist, Prev: Old-style kind specifications, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.1.2 Old-style variable initialization +--------------------------------------- + +GNU Fortran allows old-style initialization of variables of the form: + INTEGER i/1/,j/2/ + REAL x(2,2) /3*0.,1./ + The syntax for the initializers is as for the `DATA' statement, but +unlike in a `DATA' statement, an initializer only applies to the +variable immediately preceding the initialization. In other words, +something like `INTEGER I,J/2,3/' is not valid. This style of +initialization is only allowed in declarations without double colons +(`::'); the double colons were introduced in Fortran 90, which also +introduced a standard syntax for initializing variables in type +declarations. + + Examples of standard-conforming code equivalent to the above example +are: + ! Fortran 90 + INTEGER :: i = 1, j = 2 + REAL :: x(2,2) = RESHAPE((/0.,0.,0.,1./),SHAPE(x)) + ! Fortran 77 + INTEGER i, j + REAL x(2,2) + DATA i/1/, j/2/, x/3*0.,1./ + + Note that variables which are explicitly initialized in declarations +or in `DATA' statements automatically acquire the `SAVE' attribute. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Extensions to namelist, Next: X format descriptor without count field, Prev: Old-style variable initialization, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.1.3 Extensions to namelist +---------------------------- + +GNU Fortran fully supports the Fortran 95 standard for namelist I/O +including array qualifiers, substrings and fully qualified derived +types. The output from a namelist write is compatible with namelist +read. The output has all names in upper case and indentation to column +1 after the namelist name. Two extensions are permitted: + + Old-style use of `$' instead of `&' + $MYNML + X(:)%Y(2) = 1.0 2.0 3.0 + CH(1:4) = "abcd" + $END + + It should be noted that the default terminator is `/' rather than +`&END'. + + Querying of the namelist when inputting from stdin. After at least +one space, entering `?' sends to stdout the namelist name and the names +of the variables in the namelist: + ? + + &mynml + x + x%y + ch + &end + + Entering `=?' outputs the namelist to stdout, as if `WRITE(*,NML = +mynml)' had been called: + =? + + &MYNML + X(1)%Y= 0.000000 , 1.000000 , 0.000000 , + X(2)%Y= 0.000000 , 2.000000 , 0.000000 , + X(3)%Y= 0.000000 , 3.000000 , 0.000000 , + CH=abcd, / + + To aid this dialog, when input is from stdin, errors send their +messages to stderr and execution continues, even if `IOSTAT' is set. + + `PRINT' namelist is permitted. This causes an error if `-std=f95' +is used. + PROGRAM test_print + REAL, dimension (4) :: x = (/1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0/) + NAMELIST /mynml/ x + PRINT mynml + END PROGRAM test_print + + Expanded namelist reads are permitted. This causes an error if +`-std=f95' is used. In the following example, the first element of the +array will be given the value 0.00 and the two succeeding elements will +be given the values 1.00 and 2.00. + &MYNML + X(1,1) = 0.00 , 1.00 , 2.00 + / + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: X format descriptor without count field, Next: Commas in FORMAT specifications, Prev: Extensions to namelist, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.1.4 `X' format descriptor without count field +----------------------------------------------- + +To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran permits the count field of the `X' +edit descriptor in `FORMAT' statements to be omitted. When omitted, +the count is implicitly assumed to be one. + + PRINT 10, 2, 3 + 10 FORMAT (I1, X, I1) + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Commas in FORMAT specifications, Next: Missing period in FORMAT specifications, Prev: X format descriptor without count field, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.1.5 Commas in `FORMAT' specifications +--------------------------------------- + +To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran allows the comma separator to be +omitted immediately before and after character string edit descriptors +in `FORMAT' statements. + + PRINT 10, 2, 3 + 10 FORMAT ('FOO='I1' BAR='I2) + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Missing period in FORMAT specifications, Next: I/O item lists, Prev: Commas in FORMAT specifications, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.1.6 Missing period in `FORMAT' specifications +----------------------------------------------- + +To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran allows missing periods in format +specifications if and only if `-std=legacy' is given on the command +line. This is considered non-conforming code and is discouraged. + + REAL :: value + READ(*,10) value + 10 FORMAT ('F4') + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: I/O item lists, Next: BOZ literal constants, Prev: Missing period in FORMAT specifications, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.1.7 I/O item lists +-------------------- + +To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran allows the input item list of the +`READ' statement, and the output item lists of the `WRITE' and `PRINT' +statements, to start with a comma. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: `Q' exponent-letter, Next: Real array indices, Prev: BOZ literal constants, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.1.8 `Q' exponent-letter +------------------------- + +GNU Fortran accepts real literal constants with an exponent-letter of +`Q', for example, `1.23Q45'. The constant is interpreted as a +`REAL(16)' entity on targets that suppports this type. If the target +does not support `REAL(16)' but has a `REAL(10)' type, then the +real-literal-constant will be interpreted as a `REAL(10)' entity. In +the absence of `REAL(16)' and `REAL(10)', an error will occur. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: BOZ literal constants, Next: `Q' exponent-letter, Prev: I/O item lists, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.1.9 BOZ literal constants +--------------------------- + +Besides decimal constants, Fortran also supports binary (`b'), octal +(`o') and hexadecimal (`z') integer constants. The syntax is: `prefix +quote digits quote', were the prefix is either `b', `o' or `z', quote +is either `'' or `"' and the digits are for binary `0' or `1', for +octal between `0' and `7', and for hexadecimal between `0' and `F'. +(Example: `b'01011101''.) + + Up to Fortran 95, BOZ literals were only allowed to initialize +integer variables in DATA statements. Since Fortran 2003 BOZ literals +are also allowed as argument of `REAL', `DBLE', `INT' and `CMPLX'; the +result is the same as if the integer BOZ literal had been converted by +`TRANSFER' to, respectively, `real', `double precision', `integer' or +`complex'. As GNU Fortran extension the intrinsic procedures `FLOAT', +`DFLOAT', `COMPLEX' and `DCMPLX' are treated alike. + + As an extension, GNU Fortran allows hexadecimal BOZ literal +constants to be specified using the `X' prefix, in addition to the +standard `Z' prefix. The BOZ literal can also be specified by adding a +suffix to the string, for example, `Z'ABC'' and `'ABC'Z' are equivalent. + + Furthermore, GNU Fortran allows using BOZ literal constants outside +DATA statements and the four intrinsic functions allowed by Fortran +2003. In DATA statements, in direct assignments, where the right-hand +side only contains a BOZ literal constant, and for old-style +initializers of the form `integer i /o'0173'/', the constant is +transferred as if `TRANSFER' had been used; for `COMPLEX' numbers, only +the real part is initialized unless `CMPLX' is used. In all other +cases, the BOZ literal constant is converted to an `INTEGER' value with +the largest decimal representation. This value is then converted +numerically to the type and kind of the variable in question. (For +instance, `real :: r = b'0000001' + 1' initializes `r' with `2.0'.) As +different compilers implement the extension differently, one should be +careful when doing bitwise initialization of non-integer variables. + + Note that initializing an `INTEGER' variable with a statement such +as `DATA i/Z'FFFFFFFF'/' will give an integer overflow error rather +than the desired result of -1 when `i' is a 32-bit integer on a system +that supports 64-bit integers. The `-fno-range-check' option can be +used as a workaround for legacy code that initializes integers in this +manner. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Real array indices, Next: Unary operators, Prev: `Q' exponent-letter, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.1.10 Real array indices +------------------------- + +As an extension, GNU Fortran allows the use of `REAL' expressions or +variables as array indices. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Unary operators, Next: Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values, Prev: Real array indices, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.1.11 Unary operators +---------------------- + +As an extension, GNU Fortran allows unary plus and unary minus operators +to appear as the second operand of binary arithmetic operators without +the need for parenthesis. + + X = Y * -Z + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values, Next: Hollerith constants support, Prev: Unary operators, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.1.12 Implicitly convert `LOGICAL' and `INTEGER' values +-------------------------------------------------------- + +As an extension for backwards compatibility with other compilers, GNU +Fortran allows the implicit conversion of `LOGICAL' values to `INTEGER' +values and vice versa. When converting from a `LOGICAL' to an +`INTEGER', `.FALSE.' is interpreted as zero, and `.TRUE.' is +interpreted as one. When converting from `INTEGER' to `LOGICAL', the +value zero is interpreted as `.FALSE.' and any nonzero value is +interpreted as `.TRUE.'. + + LOGICAL :: l + l = 1 + + INTEGER :: i + i = .TRUE. + + However, there is no implicit conversion of `INTEGER' values in +`if'-statements, nor of `LOGICAL' or `INTEGER' values in I/O operations. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Hollerith constants support, Next: Cray pointers, Prev: Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.1.13 Hollerith constants support +---------------------------------- + +GNU Fortran supports Hollerith constants in assignments, function +arguments, and `DATA' and `ASSIGN' statements. A Hollerith constant is +written as a string of characters preceded by an integer constant +indicating the character count, and the letter `H' or `h', and stored +in bytewise fashion in a numeric (`INTEGER', `REAL', or `complex') or +`LOGICAL' variable. The constant will be padded or truncated to fit +the size of the variable in which it is stored. + + Examples of valid uses of Hollerith constants: + complex*16 x(2) + data x /16Habcdefghijklmnop, 16Hqrstuvwxyz012345/ + x(1) = 16HABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP + call foo (4h abc) + + Invalid Hollerith constants examples: + integer*4 a + a = 8H12345678 ! Valid, but the Hollerith constant will be truncated. + a = 0H ! At least one character is needed. + + In general, Hollerith constants were used to provide a rudimentary +facility for handling character strings in early Fortran compilers, +prior to the introduction of `CHARACTER' variables in Fortran 77; in +those cases, the standard-compliant equivalent is to convert the +program to use proper character strings. On occasion, there may be a +case where the intent is specifically to initialize a numeric variable +with a given byte sequence. In these cases, the same result can be +obtained by using the `TRANSFER' statement, as in this example. + INTEGER(KIND=4) :: a + a = TRANSFER ("abcd", a) ! equivalent to: a = 4Habcd + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Cray pointers, Next: CONVERT specifier, Prev: Hollerith constants support, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.1.14 Cray pointers +-------------------- + +Cray pointers are part of a non-standard extension that provides a +C-like pointer in Fortran. This is accomplished through a pair of +variables: an integer "pointer" that holds a memory address, and a +"pointee" that is used to dereference the pointer. + + Pointer/pointee pairs are declared in statements of the form: + pointer ( <pointer> , <pointee> ) + or, + pointer ( <pointer1> , <pointee1> ), ( <pointer2> , <pointee2> ), ... + The pointer is an integer that is intended to hold a memory address. +The pointee may be an array or scalar. A pointee can be an assumed +size array--that is, the last dimension may be left unspecified by +using a `*' in place of a value--but a pointee cannot be an assumed +shape array. No space is allocated for the pointee. + + The pointee may have its type declared before or after the pointer +statement, and its array specification (if any) may be declared before, +during, or after the pointer statement. The pointer may be declared as +an integer prior to the pointer statement. However, some machines have +default integer sizes that are different than the size of a pointer, +and so the following code is not portable: + integer ipt + pointer (ipt, iarr) + If a pointer is declared with a kind that is too small, the compiler +will issue a warning; the resulting binary will probably not work +correctly, because the memory addresses stored in the pointers may be +truncated. It is safer to omit the first line of the above example; if +explicit declaration of ipt's type is omitted, then the compiler will +ensure that ipt is an integer variable large enough to hold a pointer. + + Pointer arithmetic is valid with Cray pointers, but it is not the +same as C pointer arithmetic. Cray pointers are just ordinary +integers, so the user is responsible for determining how many bytes to +add to a pointer in order to increment it. Consider the following +example: + real target(10) + real pointee(10) + pointer (ipt, pointee) + ipt = loc (target) + ipt = ipt + 1 + The last statement does not set `ipt' to the address of `target(1)', +as it would in C pointer arithmetic. Adding `1' to `ipt' just adds one +byte to the address stored in `ipt'. + + Any expression involving the pointee will be translated to use the +value stored in the pointer as the base address. + + To get the address of elements, this extension provides an intrinsic +function `LOC()'. The `LOC()' function is equivalent to the `&' +operator in C, except the address is cast to an integer type: + real ar(10) + pointer(ipt, arpte(10)) + real arpte + ipt = loc(ar) ! Makes arpte is an alias for ar + arpte(1) = 1.0 ! Sets ar(1) to 1.0 + The pointer can also be set by a call to the `MALLOC' intrinsic (see +*note MALLOC::). + + Cray pointees often are used to alias an existing variable. For +example: + integer target(10) + integer iarr(10) + pointer (ipt, iarr) + ipt = loc(target) + As long as `ipt' remains unchanged, `iarr' is now an alias for +`target'. The optimizer, however, will not detect this aliasing, so it +is unsafe to use `iarr' and `target' simultaneously. Using a pointee +in any way that violates the Fortran aliasing rules or assumptions is +illegal. It is the user's responsibility to avoid doing this; the +compiler works under the assumption that no such aliasing occurs. + + Cray pointers will work correctly when there is no aliasing (i.e., +when they are used to access a dynamically allocated block of memory), +and also in any routine where a pointee is used, but any variable with +which it shares storage is not used. Code that violates these rules +may not run as the user intends. This is not a bug in the optimizer; +any code that violates the aliasing rules is illegal. (Note that this +is not unique to GNU Fortran; any Fortran compiler that supports Cray +pointers will "incorrectly" optimize code with illegal aliasing.) + + There are a number of restrictions on the attributes that can be +applied to Cray pointers and pointees. Pointees may not have the +`ALLOCATABLE', `INTENT', `OPTIONAL', `DUMMY', `TARGET', `INTRINSIC', or +`POINTER' attributes. Pointers may not have the `DIMENSION', +`POINTER', `TARGET', `ALLOCATABLE', `EXTERNAL', or `INTRINSIC' +attributes, nor may they be function results. Pointees may not occur +in more than one pointer statement. A pointee cannot be a pointer. +Pointees cannot occur in equivalence, common, or data statements. + + A Cray pointer may also point to a function or a subroutine. For +example, the following excerpt is valid: + implicit none + external sub + pointer (subptr,subpte) + external subpte + subptr = loc(sub) + call subpte() + [...] + subroutine sub + [...] + end subroutine sub + + A pointer may be modified during the course of a program, and this +will change the location to which the pointee refers. However, when +pointees are passed as arguments, they are treated as ordinary +variables in the invoked function. Subsequent changes to the pointer +will not change the base address of the array that was passed. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: CONVERT specifier, Next: OpenMP, Prev: Cray pointers, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.1.15 `CONVERT' specifier +-------------------------- + +GNU Fortran allows the conversion of unformatted data between little- +and big-endian representation to facilitate moving of data between +different systems. The conversion can be indicated with the `CONVERT' +specifier on the `OPEN' statement. *Note GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT::, for +an alternative way of specifying the data format via an environment +variable. + + Valid values for `CONVERT' are: + `CONVERT='NATIVE'' Use the native format. This is the default. + + `CONVERT='SWAP'' Swap between little- and big-endian. + + `CONVERT='LITTLE_ENDIAN'' Use the little-endian representation for + unformatted files. + + `CONVERT='BIG_ENDIAN'' Use the big-endian representation for + unformatted files. + + Using the option could look like this: + open(file='big.dat',form='unformatted',access='sequential', & + convert='big_endian') + + The value of the conversion can be queried by using +`INQUIRE(CONVERT=ch)'. The values returned are `'BIG_ENDIAN'' and +`'LITTLE_ENDIAN''. + + `CONVERT' works between big- and little-endian for `INTEGER' values +of all supported kinds and for `REAL' on IEEE systems of kinds 4 and 8. +Conversion between different "extended double" types on different +architectures such as m68k and x86_64, which GNU Fortran supports as +`REAL(KIND=10)' and `REAL(KIND=16)', will probably not work. + + _Note that the values specified via the GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT +environment variable will override the CONVERT specifier in the open +statement_. This is to give control over data formats to users who do +not have the source code of their program available. + + Using anything but the native representation for unformatted data +carries a significant speed overhead. If speed in this area matters to +you, it is best if you use this only for data that needs to be portable. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: OpenMP, Next: Argument list functions, Prev: CONVERT specifier, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.1.16 OpenMP +------------- + +OpenMP (Open Multi-Processing) is an application programming interface +(API) that supports multi-platform shared memory multiprocessing +programming in C/C++ and Fortran on many architectures, including Unix +and Microsoft Windows platforms. It consists of a set of compiler +directives, library routines, and environment variables that influence +run-time behavior. + + GNU Fortran strives to be compatible to the OpenMP Application +Program Interface v3.0 (http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/spec30.pdf). + + To enable the processing of the OpenMP directive `!$omp' in +free-form source code; the `c$omp', `*$omp' and `!$omp' directives in +fixed form; the `!$' conditional compilation sentinels in free form; +and the `c$', `*$' and `!$' sentinels in fixed form, `gfortran' needs +to be invoked with the `-fopenmp'. This also arranges for automatic +linking of the GNU OpenMP runtime library *note libgomp: (libgomp)Top. + + The OpenMP Fortran runtime library routines are provided both in a +form of a Fortran 90 module named `omp_lib' and in a form of a Fortran +`include' file named `omp_lib.h'. + + An example of a parallelized loop taken from Appendix A.1 of the +OpenMP Application Program Interface v2.5: + SUBROUTINE A1(N, A, B) + INTEGER I, N + REAL B(N), A(N) + !$OMP PARALLEL DO !I is private by default + DO I=2,N + B(I) = (A(I) + A(I-1)) / 2.0 + ENDDO + !$OMP END PARALLEL DO + END SUBROUTINE A1 + + Please note: + * `-fopenmp' implies `-frecursive', i.e., all local arrays will be + allocated on the stack. When porting existing code to OpenMP, + this may lead to surprising results, especially to segmentation + faults if the stacksize is limited. + + * On glibc-based systems, OpenMP enabled applications cannot be + statically linked due to limitations of the underlying + pthreads-implementation. It might be possible to get a working + solution if `-Wl,--whole-archive -lpthread -Wl,--no-whole-archive' + is added to the command line. However, this is not supported by + `gcc' and thus not recommended. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Argument list functions, Prev: OpenMP, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.1.17 Argument list functions `%VAL', `%REF' and `%LOC' +-------------------------------------------------------- + +GNU Fortran supports argument list functions `%VAL', `%REF' and `%LOC' +statements, for backward compatibility with g77. It is recommended +that these should be used only for code that is accessing facilities +outside of GNU Fortran, such as operating system or windowing +facilities. It is best to constrain such uses to isolated portions of +a program-portions that deal specifically and exclusively with +low-level, system-dependent facilities. Such portions might well +provide a portable interface for use by the program as a whole, but are +themselves not portable, and should be thoroughly tested each time they +are rebuilt using a new compiler or version of a compiler. + + `%VAL' passes a scalar argument by value, `%REF' passes it by +reference and `%LOC' passes its memory location. Since gfortran +already passes scalar arguments by reference, `%REF' is in effect a +do-nothing. `%LOC' has the same effect as a Fortran pointer. + + An example of passing an argument by value to a C subroutine foo.: + C + C prototype void foo_ (float x); + C + external foo + real*4 x + x = 3.14159 + call foo (%VAL (x)) + end + + For details refer to the g77 manual +`http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-3.4.6/g77/index.html#Top'. + + Also, `c_by_val.f' and its partner `c_by_val.c' of the GNU Fortran +testsuite are worth a look. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran, Prev: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran, Up: Extensions + +6.2 Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran +============================================= + +The long history of the Fortran language, its wide use and broad +userbase, the large number of different compiler vendors and the lack of +some features crucial to users in the first standards have lead to the +existence of a number of important extensions to the language. While +some of the most useful or popular extensions are supported by the GNU +Fortran compiler, not all existing extensions are supported. This +section aims at listing these extensions and offering advice on how +best make code that uses them running with the GNU Fortran compiler. + +* Menu: + +* STRUCTURE and RECORD:: +* ENCODE and DECODE statements:: +* Variable FORMAT expressions:: +* Alternate complex function syntax:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: STRUCTURE and RECORD, Next: ENCODE and DECODE statements, Up: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.2.1 `STRUCTURE' and `RECORD' +------------------------------ + +Structures are user-defined aggregate data types; this functionality was +standardized in Fortran 90 with an different syntax, under the name of +"derived types". Here is an example of code using the non portable +structure syntax: + + ! Declaring a structure named ``item'' and containing three fields: + ! an integer ID, an description string and a floating-point price. + STRUCTURE /item/ + INTEGER id + CHARACTER(LEN=200) description + REAL price + END STRUCTURE + + ! Define two variables, an single record of type ``item'' + ! named ``pear'', and an array of items named ``store_catalog'' + RECORD /item/ pear, store_catalog(100) + + ! We can directly access the fields of both variables + pear.id = 92316 + pear.description = "juicy D'Anjou pear" + pear.price = 0.15 + store_catalog(7).id = 7831 + store_catalog(7).description = "milk bottle" + store_catalog(7).price = 1.2 + + ! We can also manipulate the whole structure + store_catalog(12) = pear + print *, store_catalog(12) + +This code can easily be rewritten in the Fortran 90 syntax as following: + + ! ``STRUCTURE /name/ ... END STRUCTURE'' becomes + ! ``TYPE name ... END TYPE'' + TYPE item + INTEGER id + CHARACTER(LEN=200) description + REAL price + END TYPE + + ! ``RECORD /name/ variable'' becomes ``TYPE(name) variable'' + TYPE(item) pear, store_catalog(100) + + ! Instead of using a dot (.) to access fields of a record, the + ! standard syntax uses a percent sign (%) + pear%id = 92316 + pear%description = "juicy D'Anjou pear" + pear%price = 0.15 + store_catalog(7)%id = 7831 + store_catalog(7)%description = "milk bottle" + store_catalog(7)%price = 1.2 + + ! Assignments of a whole variable don't change + store_catalog(12) = pear + print *, store_catalog(12) + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ENCODE and DECODE statements, Next: Variable FORMAT expressions, Prev: STRUCTURE and RECORD, Up: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.2.2 `ENCODE' and `DECODE' statements +-------------------------------------- + +GNU Fortran doesn't support the `ENCODE' and `DECODE' statements. +These statements are best replaced by `READ' and `WRITE' statements +involving internal files (`CHARACTER' variables and arrays), which have +been part of the Fortran standard since Fortran 77. For example, +replace a code fragment like + + INTEGER*1 LINE(80) + REAL A, B, C + c ... Code that sets LINE + DECODE (80, 9000, LINE) A, B, C + 9000 FORMAT (1X, 3(F10.5)) + +with the following: + + CHARACTER(LEN=80) LINE + REAL A, B, C + c ... Code that sets LINE + READ (UNIT=LINE, FMT=9000) A, B, C + 9000 FORMAT (1X, 3(F10.5)) + + Similarly, replace a code fragment like + + INTEGER*1 LINE(80) + REAL A, B, C + c ... Code that sets A, B and C + ENCODE (80, 9000, LINE) A, B, C + 9000 FORMAT (1X, 'OUTPUT IS ', 3(F10.5)) + +with the following: + + CHARACTER(LEN=80) LINE + REAL A, B, C + c ... Code that sets A, B and C + WRITE (UNIT=LINE, FMT=9000) A, B, C + 9000 FORMAT (1X, 'OUTPUT IS ', 3(F10.5)) + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Variable FORMAT expressions, Next: Alternate complex function syntax, Prev: ENCODE and DECODE statements, Up: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.2.3 Variable `FORMAT' expressions +----------------------------------- + +A variable `FORMAT' expression is format statement which includes angle +brackets enclosing a Fortran expression: `FORMAT(I<N>)'. GNU Fortran +does not support this legacy extension. The effect of variable format +expressions can be reproduced by using the more powerful (and standard) +combination of internal output and string formats. For example, +replace a code fragment like this: + + WRITE(6,20) INT1 + 20 FORMAT(I<N+1>) + +with the following: + + c Variable declaration + CHARACTER(LEN=20) FMT + c + c Other code here... + c + WRITE(FMT,'("(I", I0, ")")') N+1 + WRITE(6,FMT) INT1 + +or with: + + c Variable declaration + CHARACTER(LEN=20) FMT + c + c Other code here... + c + WRITE(FMT,*) N+1 + WRITE(6,"(I" // ADJUSTL(FMT) // ")") INT1 + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Alternate complex function syntax, Prev: Variable FORMAT expressions, Up: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran + +6.2.4 Alternate complex function syntax +--------------------------------------- + +Some Fortran compilers, including `g77', let the user declare complex +functions with the syntax `COMPLEX FUNCTION name*16()', as well as +`COMPLEX*16 FUNCTION name()'. Both are non-standard, legacy +extensions. `gfortran' accepts the latter form, which is more common, +but not the former. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Mixed-Language Programming, Next: Extensions, Prev: Compiler Characteristics, Up: Top + +7 Mixed-Language Programming +**************************** + +* Menu: + +* Interoperability with C:: +* GNU Fortran Compiler Directives:: +* Non-Fortran Main Program:: + + This chapter is about mixed-language interoperability, but also +applies if one links Fortran code compiled by different compilers. In +most cases, use of the C Binding features of the Fortran 2003 standard +is sufficient, and their use is highly recommended. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Interoperability with C, Next: GNU Fortran Compiler Directives, Up: Mixed-Language Programming + +7.1 Interoperability with C +=========================== + +* Menu: + +* Intrinsic Types:: +* Derived Types and struct:: +* Interoperable Global Variables:: +* Interoperable Subroutines and Functions:: +* Working with Pointers:: +* Further Interoperability of Fortran with C:: + + Since Fortran 2003 (ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004(E)) there is a standardized +way to generate procedure and derived-type declarations and global +variables which are interoperable with C (ISO/IEC 9899:1999). The +`bind(C)' attribute has been added to inform the compiler that a symbol +shall be interoperable with C; also, some constraints are added. Note, +however, that not all C features have a Fortran equivalent or vice +versa. For instance, neither C's unsigned integers nor C's functions +with variable number of arguments have an equivalent in Fortran. + + Note that array dimensions are reversely ordered in C and that +arrays in C always start with index 0 while in Fortran they start by +default with 1. Thus, an array declaration `A(n,m)' in Fortran matches +`A[m][n]' in C and accessing the element `A(i,j)' matches +`A[j-1][i-1]'. The element following `A(i,j)' (C: `A[j-1][i-1]'; +assuming i < n) in memory is `A(i+1,j)' (C: `A[j-1][i]'). + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Intrinsic Types, Next: Derived Types and struct, Up: Interoperability with C + +7.1.1 Intrinsic Types +--------------------- + +In order to ensure that exactly the same variable type and kind is used +in C and Fortran, the named constants shall be used which are defined +in the `ISO_C_BINDING' intrinsic module. That module contains named +constants for kind parameters and character named constants for the +escape sequences in C. For a list of the constants, see *note +ISO_C_BINDING::. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Derived Types and struct, Next: Interoperable Global Variables, Prev: Intrinsic Types, Up: Interoperability with C + +7.1.2 Derived Types and struct +------------------------------ + +For compatibility of derived types with `struct', one needs to use the +`BIND(C)' attribute in the type declaration. For instance, the +following type declaration + + USE ISO_C_BINDING + TYPE, BIND(C) :: myType + INTEGER(C_INT) :: i1, i2 + INTEGER(C_SIGNED_CHAR) :: i3 + REAL(C_DOUBLE) :: d1 + COMPLEX(C_FLOAT_COMPLEX) :: c1 + CHARACTER(KIND=C_CHAR) :: str(5) + END TYPE + + matches the following `struct' declaration in C + + struct { + int i1, i2; + /* Note: "char" might be signed or unsigned. */ + signed char i3; + double d1; + float _Complex c1; + char str[5]; + } myType; + + Derived types with the C binding attribute shall not have the +`sequence' attribute, type parameters, the `extends' attribute, nor +type-bound procedures. Every component must be of interoperable type +and kind and may not have the `pointer' or `allocatable' attribute. +The names of the variables are irrelevant for interoperability. + + As there exist no direct Fortran equivalents, neither unions nor +structs with bit field or variable-length array members are +interoperable. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Interoperable Global Variables, Next: Interoperable Subroutines and Functions, Prev: Derived Types and struct, Up: Interoperability with C + +7.1.3 Interoperable Global Variables +------------------------------------ + +Variables can be made accessible from C using the C binding attribute, +optionally together with specifying a binding name. Those variables +have to be declared in the declaration part of a `MODULE', be of +interoperable type, and have neither the `pointer' nor the +`allocatable' attribute. + + MODULE m + USE myType_module + USE ISO_C_BINDING + integer(C_INT), bind(C, name="_MyProject_flags") :: global_flag + type(myType), bind(C) :: tp + END MODULE + + Here, `_MyProject_flags' is the case-sensitive name of the variable +as seen from C programs while `global_flag' is the case-insensitive +name as seen from Fortran. If no binding name is specified, as for TP, +the C binding name is the (lowercase) Fortran binding name. If a +binding name is specified, only a single variable may be after the +double colon. Note of warning: You cannot use a global variable to +access ERRNO of the C library as the C standard allows it to be a +macro. Use the `IERRNO' intrinsic (GNU extension) instead. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Interoperable Subroutines and Functions, Next: Working with Pointers, Prev: Interoperable Global Variables, Up: Interoperability with C + +7.1.4 Interoperable Subroutines and Functions +--------------------------------------------- + +Subroutines and functions have to have the `BIND(C)' attribute to be +compatible with C. The dummy argument declaration is relatively +straightforward. However, one needs to be careful because C uses +call-by-value by default while Fortran behaves usually similar to +call-by-reference. Furthermore, strings and pointers are handled +differently. Note that only explicit size and assumed-size arrays are +supported but not assumed-shape or allocatable arrays. + + To pass a variable by value, use the `VALUE' attribute. Thus the +following C prototype + + `int func(int i, int *j)' + + matches the Fortran declaration + + integer(c_int) function func(i,j) + use iso_c_binding, only: c_int + integer(c_int), VALUE :: i + integer(c_int) :: j + + Note that pointer arguments also frequently need the `VALUE' +attribute, see *note Working with Pointers::. + + Strings are handled quite differently in C and Fortran. In C a +string is a `NUL'-terminated array of characters while in Fortran each +string has a length associated with it and is thus not terminated (by +e.g. `NUL'). For example, if one wants to use the following C +function, + + #include <stdio.h> + void print_C(char *string) /* equivalent: char string[] */ + { + printf("%s\n", string); + } + + to print "Hello World" from Fortran, one can call it using + + use iso_c_binding, only: C_CHAR, C_NULL_CHAR + interface + subroutine print_c(string) bind(C, name="print_C") + use iso_c_binding, only: c_char + character(kind=c_char) :: string(*) + end subroutine print_c + end interface + call print_c(C_CHAR_"Hello World"//C_NULL_CHAR) + + As the example shows, one needs to ensure that the string is `NUL' +terminated. Additionally, the dummy argument STRING of `print_C' is a +length-one assumed-size array; using `character(len=*)' is not allowed. +The example above uses `c_char_"Hello World"' to ensure the string +literal has the right type; typically the default character kind and +`c_char' are the same and thus `"Hello World"' is equivalent. However, +the standard does not guarantee this. + + The use of strings is now further illustrated using the C library +function `strncpy', whose prototype is + + char *strncpy(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict s2, size_t n); + + The function `strncpy' copies at most N characters from string S2 to +S1 and returns S1. In the following example, we ignore the return +value: + + use iso_c_binding + implicit none + character(len=30) :: str,str2 + interface + ! Ignore the return value of strncpy -> subroutine + ! "restrict" is always assumed if we do not pass a pointer + subroutine strncpy(dest, src, n) bind(C) + import + character(kind=c_char), intent(out) :: dest(*) + character(kind=c_char), intent(in) :: src(*) + integer(c_size_t), value, intent(in) :: n + end subroutine strncpy + end interface + str = repeat('X',30) ! Initialize whole string with 'X' + call strncpy(str, c_char_"Hello World"//C_NULL_CHAR, & + len(c_char_"Hello World",kind=c_size_t)) + print '(a)', str ! prints: "Hello WorldXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX" + end + + The intrinsic procedures are described in *note Intrinsic +Procedures::. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Working with Pointers, Next: Further Interoperability of Fortran with C, Prev: Interoperable Subroutines and Functions, Up: Interoperability with C + +7.1.5 Working with Pointers +--------------------------- + +C pointers are represented in Fortran via the special opaque derived +type `type(c_ptr)' (with private components). Thus one needs to use +intrinsic conversion procedures to convert from or to C pointers. For +example, + + use iso_c_binding + type(c_ptr) :: cptr1, cptr2 + integer, target :: array(7), scalar + integer, pointer :: pa(:), ps + cptr1 = c_loc(array(1)) ! The programmer needs to ensure that the + ! array is contiguous if required by the C + ! procedure + cptr2 = c_loc(scalar) + call c_f_pointer(cptr2, ps) + call c_f_pointer(cptr2, pa, shape=[7]) + + When converting C to Fortran arrays, the one-dimensional `SHAPE' +argument has to be passed. + + If a pointer is a dummy-argument of an interoperable procedure, it +usually has to be declared using the `VALUE' attribute. `void*' +matches `TYPE(C_PTR), VALUE', while `TYPE(C_PTR)' alone matches +`void**'. + + Procedure pointers are handled analogously to pointers; the C type is +`TYPE(C_FUNPTR)' and the intrinsic conversion procedures are +`C_F_PROCPOINTER' and `C_FUNLOC'. + + Let's consider two examples of actually passing a procedure pointer +from C to Fortran and vice versa. Note that these examples are also +very similar to passing ordinary pointers between both languages. +First, consider this code in C: + + /* Procedure implemented in Fortran. */ + void get_values (void (*)(double)); + + /* Call-back routine we want called from Fortran. */ + void + print_it (double x) + { + printf ("Number is %f.\n", x); + } + + /* Call Fortran routine and pass call-back to it. */ + void + foobar () + { + get_values (&print_it); + } + + A matching implementation for `get_values' in Fortran, that correctly +receives the procedure pointer from C and is able to call it, is given +in the following `MODULE': + + MODULE m + IMPLICIT NONE + + ! Define interface of call-back routine. + ABSTRACT INTERFACE + SUBROUTINE callback (x) + USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING + REAL(KIND=C_DOUBLE), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: x + END SUBROUTINE callback + END INTERFACE + + CONTAINS + + ! Define C-bound procedure. + SUBROUTINE get_values (cproc) BIND(C) + USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING + TYPE(C_FUNPTR), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: cproc + + PROCEDURE(callback), POINTER :: proc + + ! Convert C to Fortran procedure pointer. + CALL C_F_PROCPOINTER (cproc, proc) + + ! Call it. + CALL proc (1.0_C_DOUBLE) + CALL proc (-42.0_C_DOUBLE) + CALL proc (18.12_C_DOUBLE) + END SUBROUTINE get_values + + END MODULE m + + Next, we want to call a C routine that expects a procedure pointer +argument and pass it a Fortran procedure (which clearly must be +interoperable!). Again, the C function may be: + + int + call_it (int (*func)(int), int arg) + { + return func (arg); + } + + It can be used as in the following Fortran code: + + MODULE m + USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING + IMPLICIT NONE + + ! Define interface of C function. + INTERFACE + INTEGER(KIND=C_INT) FUNCTION call_it (func, arg) BIND(C) + USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING + TYPE(C_FUNPTR), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: func + INTEGER(KIND=C_INT), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: arg + END FUNCTION call_it + END INTERFACE + + CONTAINS + + ! Define procedure passed to C function. + ! It must be interoperable! + INTEGER(KIND=C_INT) FUNCTION double_it (arg) BIND(C) + INTEGER(KIND=C_INT), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: arg + double_it = arg + arg + END FUNCTION double_it + + ! Call C function. + SUBROUTINE foobar () + TYPE(C_FUNPTR) :: cproc + INTEGER(KIND=C_INT) :: i + + ! Get C procedure pointer. + cproc = C_FUNLOC (double_it) + + ! Use it. + DO i = 1_C_INT, 10_C_INT + PRINT *, call_it (cproc, i) + END DO + END SUBROUTINE foobar + + END MODULE m + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Further Interoperability of Fortran with C, Prev: Working with Pointers, Up: Interoperability with C + +7.1.6 Further Interoperability of Fortran with C +------------------------------------------------ + +Assumed-shape and allocatable arrays are passed using an array +descriptor (dope vector). The internal structure of the array +descriptor used by GNU Fortran is not yet documented and will change. +There will also be a Technical Report (TR 29113) which standardizes an +interoperable array descriptor. Until then, you can use the Chasm +Language Interoperability Tools, +`http://chasm-interop.sourceforge.net/', which provide an interface to +GNU Fortran's array descriptor. + + The technical report 29113 will presumably also include support for +C-interoperable `OPTIONAL' and for assumed-rank and assumed-type dummy +arguments. However, the TR has neither been approved nor implemented +in GNU Fortran; therefore, these features are not yet available. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GNU Fortran Compiler Directives, Next: Non-Fortran Main Program, Prev: Interoperability with C, Up: Mixed-Language Programming + +7.2 GNU Fortran Compiler Directives +=================================== + +The Fortran standard standard describes how a conforming program shall +behave; however, the exact implementation is not standardized. In order +to allow the user to choose specific implementation details, compiler +directives can be used to set attributes of variables and procedures +which are not part of the standard. Whether a given attribute is +supported and its exact effects depend on both the operating system and +on the processor; see *note C Extensions: (gcc)Top. for details. + + For procedures and procedure pointers, the following attributes can +be used to change the calling convention: + + * `CDECL' - standard C calling convention + + * `STDCALL' - convention where the called procedure pops the stack + + * `FASTCALL' - part of the arguments are passed via registers + instead using the stack + + Besides changing the calling convention, the attributes also +influence the decoration of the symbol name, e.g., by a leading +underscore or by a trailing at-sign followed by the number of bytes on +the stack. When assigning a procedure to a procedure pointer, both +should use the same calling convention. + + On some systems, procedures and global variables (module variables +and `COMMON' blocks) need special handling to be accessible when they +are in a shared library. The following attributes are available: + + * `DLLEXPORT' - provide a global pointer to a pointer in the DLL + + * `DLLIMPORT' - reference the function or variable using a global + pointer + + The attributes are specified using the syntax + + `!GCC$ ATTRIBUTES' ATTRIBUTE-LIST `::' VARIABLE-LIST + + where in free-form source code only whitespace is allowed before +`!GCC$' and in fixed-form source code `!GCC$', `cGCC$' or `*GCC$' shall +start in the first column. + + For procedures, the compiler directives shall be placed into the body +of the procedure; for variables and procedure pointers, they shall be in +the same declaration part as the variable or procedure pointer. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Non-Fortran Main Program, Prev: GNU Fortran Compiler Directives, Up: Mixed-Language Programming + +7.3 Non-Fortran Main Program +============================ + +* Menu: + +* _gfortran_set_args:: Save command-line arguments +* _gfortran_set_options:: Set library option flags +* _gfortran_set_convert:: Set endian conversion +* _gfortran_set_record_marker:: Set length of record markers +* _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length:: Set subrecord length +* _gfortran_set_fpe:: Set when a Floating Point Exception should be raised + + Even if you are doing mixed-language programming, it is very likely +that you do not need to know or use the information in this section. +Since it is about the internal structure of GNU Fortran, it may also +change in GCC minor releases. + + When you compile a `PROGRAM' with GNU Fortran, a function with the +name `main' (in the symbol table of the object file) is generated, +which initializes the libgfortran library and then calls the actual +program which uses the name `MAIN__', for historic reasons. If you +link GNU Fortran compiled procedures to, e.g., a C or C++ program or to +a Fortran program compiled by a different compiler, the libgfortran +library is not initialized and thus a few intrinsic procedures do not +work properly, e.g. those for obtaining the command-line arguments. + + Therefore, if your `PROGRAM' is not compiled with GNU Fortran and +the GNU Fortran compiled procedures require intrinsics relying on the +library initialization, you need to initialize the library yourself. +Using the default options, gfortran calls `_gfortran_set_args' and +`_gfortran_set_options'. The initialization of the former is needed if +the called procedures access the command line (and for backtracing); +the latter sets some flags based on the standard chosen or to enable +backtracing. In typical programs, it is not necessary to call any +initialization function. + + If your `PROGRAM' is compiled with GNU Fortran, you shall not call +any of the following functions. The libgfortran initialization +functions are shown in C syntax but using C bindings they are also +accessible from Fortran. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_args, Next: _gfortran_set_options, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program + +7.3.1 `_gfortran_set_args' -- Save command-line arguments +--------------------------------------------------------- + +_Description_: + `_gfortran_set_args' saves the command-line arguments; this + initialization is required if any of the command-line intrinsics + is called. Additionally, it shall be called if backtracing is + enabled (see `_gfortran_set_options'). + +_Syntax_: + `void _gfortran_set_args (int argc, char *argv[])' + +_Arguments_: + ARGC number of command line argument strings + ARGV the command-line argument strings; argv[0] is + the pathname of the executable itself. + +_Example_: + int main (int argc, char *argv[]) + { + /* Initialize libgfortran. */ + _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv); + return 0; + } + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_options, Next: _gfortran_set_convert, Prev: _gfortran_set_args, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program + +7.3.2 `_gfortran_set_options' -- Set library option flags +--------------------------------------------------------- + +_Description_: + `_gfortran_set_options' sets several flags related to the Fortran + standard to be used, whether backtracing or core dumps should be + enabled and whether range checks should be performed. The syntax + allows for upward compatibility since the number of passed flags + is specified; for non-passed flags, the default value is used. + See also *note Code Gen Options::. Please note that not all flags + are actually used. + +_Syntax_: + `void _gfortran_set_options (int num, int options[])' + +_Arguments_: + NUM number of options passed + ARGV The list of flag values + +_option flag list_: + OPTION[0] Allowed standard; can give run-time errors if + e.g. an input-output edit descriptor is + invalid in a given standard. Possible values + are (bitwise or-ed) `GFC_STD_F77' (1), + `GFC_STD_F95_OBS' (2), `GFC_STD_F95_DEL' (4), + `GFC_STD_F95' (8), `GFC_STD_F2003' (16), + `GFC_STD_GNU' (32), `GFC_STD_LEGACY' (64), + `GFC_STD_F2008' (128), and `GFC_STD_F2008_OBS' + (256). Default: `GFC_STD_F95_OBS | + GFC_STD_F95_DEL | GFC_STD_F95 | GFC_STD_F2003 + | GFC_STD_F2008 | GFC_STD_F2008_OBS | + GFC_STD_F77 | GFC_STD_GNU | GFC_STD_LEGACY'. + OPTION[1] Standard-warning flag; prints a warning to + standard error. Default: `GFC_STD_F95_DEL | + GFC_STD_LEGACY'. + OPTION[2] If non zero, enable pedantic checking. + Default: off. + OPTION[3] If non zero, enable core dumps on run-time + errors. Default: off. + OPTION[4] If non zero, enable backtracing on run-time + errors. Default: off. Note: Installs a + signal handler and requires command-line + initialization using `_gfortran_set_args'. + OPTION[5] If non zero, supports signed zeros. Default: + enabled. + OPTION[6] Enables run-time checking. Possible values + are (bitwise or-ed): GFC_RTCHECK_BOUNDS (1), + GFC_RTCHECK_ARRAY_TEMPS (2), + GFC_RTCHECK_RECURSION (4), GFC_RTCHECK_DO + (16), GFC_RTCHECK_POINTER (32). Default: + disabled. + OPTION[7] If non zero, range checking is enabled. + Default: enabled. See -frange-check (*note + Code Gen Options::). + +_Example_: + /* Use gfortran 4.5 default options. */ + static int options[] = {68, 255, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1}; + _gfortran_set_options (8, &options); + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_convert, Next: _gfortran_set_record_marker, Prev: _gfortran_set_options, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program + +7.3.3 `_gfortran_set_convert' -- Set endian conversion +------------------------------------------------------ + +_Description_: + `_gfortran_set_convert' set the representation of data for + unformatted files. + +_Syntax_: + `void _gfortran_set_convert (int conv)' + +_Arguments_: + CONV Endian conversion, possible values: + GFC_CONVERT_NATIVE (0, default), + GFC_CONVERT_SWAP (1), GFC_CONVERT_BIG (2), + GFC_CONVERT_LITTLE (3). + +_Example_: + int main (int argc, char *argv[]) + { + /* Initialize libgfortran. */ + _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv); + _gfortran_set_convert (1); + return 0; + } + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_record_marker, Next: _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length, Prev: _gfortran_set_convert, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program + +7.3.4 `_gfortran_set_record_marker' -- Set length of record markers +------------------------------------------------------------------- + +_Description_: + `_gfortran_set_record_marker' sets the length of record markers + for unformatted files. + +_Syntax_: + `void _gfortran_set_record_marker (int val)' + +_Arguments_: + VAL Length of the record marker; valid values are + 4 and 8. Default is 4. + +_Example_: + int main (int argc, char *argv[]) + { + /* Initialize libgfortran. */ + _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv); + _gfortran_set_record_marker (8); + return 0; + } + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_fpe, Prev: _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program + +7.3.5 `_gfortran_set_fpe' -- Set when a Floating Point Exception should be raised +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +_Description_: + `_gfortran_set_fpe' sets the IEEE exceptions for which a Floating + Point Exception (FPE) should be raised. On most systems, this + will result in a SIGFPE signal being sent and the program being + interrupted. + +_Syntax_: + `void _gfortran_set_fpe (int val)' + +_Arguments_: + OPTION[0] IEEE exceptions. Possible values are (bitwise + or-ed) zero (0, default) no trapping, + `GFC_FPE_INVALID' (1), `GFC_FPE_DENORMAL' (2), + `GFC_FPE_ZERO' (4), `GFC_FPE_OVERFLOW' (8), + `GFC_FPE_UNDERFLOW' (16), and + `GFC_FPE_PRECISION' (32). + +_Example_: + int main (int argc, char *argv[]) + { + /* Initialize libgfortran. */ + _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv); + /* FPE for invalid operations such as SQRT(-1.0). */ + _gfortran_set_fpe (1); + return 0; + } + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length, Next: _gfortran_set_fpe, Prev: _gfortran_set_record_marker, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program + +7.3.6 `_gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length' -- Set subrecord length +------------------------------------------------------------------ + +_Description_: + `_gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length' set the maximum length for a + subrecord. This option only makes sense for testing and debugging + of unformatted I/O. + +_Syntax_: + `void _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length (int val)' + +_Arguments_: + VAL the maximum length for a subrecord; the + maximum permitted value is 2147483639, which + is also the default. + +_Example_: + int main (int argc, char *argv[]) + { + /* Initialize libgfortran. */ + _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv); + _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length (8); + return 0; + } + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Intrinsic Procedures, Next: Intrinsic Modules, Prev: Extensions, Up: Top + +8 Intrinsic Procedures +********************** + +* Menu: + +* Introduction: Introduction to Intrinsics +* `ABORT': ABORT, Abort the program +* `ABS': ABS, Absolute value +* `ACCESS': ACCESS, Checks file access modes +* `ACHAR': ACHAR, Character in ASCII collating sequence +* `ACOS': ACOS, Arccosine function +* `ACOSH': ACOSH, Inverse hyperbolic cosine function +* `ADJUSTL': ADJUSTL, Left adjust a string +* `ADJUSTR': ADJUSTR, Right adjust a string +* `AIMAG': AIMAG, Imaginary part of complex number +* `AINT': AINT, Truncate to a whole number +* `ALARM': ALARM, Set an alarm clock +* `ALL': ALL, Determine if all values are true +* `ALLOCATED': ALLOCATED, Status of allocatable entity +* `AND': AND, Bitwise logical AND +* `ANINT': ANINT, Nearest whole number +* `ANY': ANY, Determine if any values are true +* `ASIN': ASIN, Arcsine function +* `ASINH': ASINH, Inverse hyperbolic sine function +* `ASSOCIATED': ASSOCIATED, Status of a pointer or pointer/target pair +* `ATAN': ATAN, Arctangent function +* `ATAN2': ATAN2, Arctangent function +* `ATANH': ATANH, Inverse hyperbolic tangent function +* `BESSEL_J0': BESSEL_J0, Bessel function of the first kind of order 0 +* `BESSEL_J1': BESSEL_J1, Bessel function of the first kind of order 1 +* `BESSEL_JN': BESSEL_JN, Bessel function of the first kind +* `BESSEL_Y0': BESSEL_Y0, Bessel function of the second kind of order 0 +* `BESSEL_Y1': BESSEL_Y1, Bessel function of the second kind of order 1 +* `BESSEL_YN': BESSEL_YN, Bessel function of the second kind +* `BGE': BGE, Bitwise greater than or equal to +* `BGT': BGT, Bitwise greater than +* `BIT_SIZE': BIT_SIZE, Bit size inquiry function +* `BLE': BLE, Bitwise less than or equal to +* `BLT': BLT, Bitwise less than +* `BTEST': BTEST, Bit test function +* `C_ASSOCIATED': C_ASSOCIATED, Status of a C pointer +* `C_F_POINTER': C_F_POINTER, Convert C into Fortran pointer +* `C_F_PROCPOINTER': C_F_PROCPOINTER, Convert C into Fortran procedure pointer +* `C_FUNLOC': C_FUNLOC, Obtain the C address of a procedure +* `C_LOC': C_LOC, Obtain the C address of an object +* `C_SIZEOF': C_SIZEOF, Size in bytes of an expression +* `CEILING': CEILING, Integer ceiling function +* `CHAR': CHAR, Integer-to-character conversion function +* `CHDIR': CHDIR, Change working directory +* `CHMOD': CHMOD, Change access permissions of files +* `CMPLX': CMPLX, Complex conversion function +* `COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT': COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT, Get number of command line arguments +* `COMPLEX': COMPLEX, Complex conversion function +* `COMPILER_VERSION': COMPILER_VERSION, Compiler version string +* `COMPILER_OPTIONS': COMPILER_OPTIONS, Options passed to the compiler +* `CONJG': CONJG, Complex conjugate function +* `COS': COS, Cosine function +* `COSH': COSH, Hyperbolic cosine function +* `COUNT': COUNT, Count occurrences of TRUE in an array +* `CPU_TIME': CPU_TIME, CPU time subroutine +* `CSHIFT': CSHIFT, Circular shift elements of an array +* `CTIME': CTIME, Subroutine (or function) to convert a time into a string +* `DATE_AND_TIME': DATE_AND_TIME, Date and time subroutine +* `DBLE': DBLE, Double precision conversion function +* `DCMPLX': DCMPLX, Double complex conversion function +* `DIGITS': DIGITS, Significant digits function +* `DIM': DIM, Positive difference +* `DOT_PRODUCT': DOT_PRODUCT, Dot product function +* `DPROD': DPROD, Double product function +* `DREAL': DREAL, Double real part function +* `DSHIFTL': DSHIFTL, Combined left shift +* `DSHIFTR': DSHIFTR, Combined right shift +* `DTIME': DTIME, Execution time subroutine (or function) +* `EOSHIFT': EOSHIFT, End-off shift elements of an array +* `EPSILON': EPSILON, Epsilon function +* `ERF': ERF, Error function +* `ERFC': ERFC, Complementary error function +* `ERFC_SCALED': ERFC_SCALED, Exponentially-scaled complementary error function +* `ETIME': ETIME, Execution time subroutine (or function) +* `EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE': EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE, Execute a shell command +* `EXIT': EXIT, Exit the program with status. +* `EXP': EXP, Exponential function +* `EXPONENT': EXPONENT, Exponent function +* `EXTENDS_TYPE_OF': EXTENDS_TYPE_OF, Query dynamic type for extension +* `FDATE': FDATE, Subroutine (or function) to get the current time as a string +* `FGET': FGET, Read a single character in stream mode from stdin +* `FGETC': FGETC, Read a single character in stream mode +* `FLOOR': FLOOR, Integer floor function +* `FLUSH': FLUSH, Flush I/O unit(s) +* `FNUM': FNUM, File number function +* `FPUT': FPUT, Write a single character in stream mode to stdout +* `FPUTC': FPUTC, Write a single character in stream mode +* `FRACTION': FRACTION, Fractional part of the model representation +* `FREE': FREE, Memory de-allocation subroutine +* `FSEEK': FSEEK, Low level file positioning subroutine +* `FSTAT': FSTAT, Get file status +* `FTELL': FTELL, Current stream position +* `GAMMA': GAMMA, Gamma function +* `GERROR': GERROR, Get last system error message +* `GETARG': GETARG, Get command line arguments +* `GET_COMMAND': GET_COMMAND, Get the entire command line +* `GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT': GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT, Get command line arguments +* `GETCWD': GETCWD, Get current working directory +* `GETENV': GETENV, Get an environmental variable +* `GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE': GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE, Get an environmental variable +* `GETGID': GETGID, Group ID function +* `GETLOG': GETLOG, Get login name +* `GETPID': GETPID, Process ID function +* `GETUID': GETUID, User ID function +* `GMTIME': GMTIME, Convert time to GMT info +* `HOSTNM': HOSTNM, Get system host name +* `HUGE': HUGE, Largest number of a kind +* `HYPOT': HYPOT, Euclidean distance function +* `IACHAR': IACHAR, Code in ASCII collating sequence +* `IALL': IALL, Bitwise AND of array elements +* `IAND': IAND, Bitwise logical and +* `IANY': IANY, Bitwise OR of array elements +* `IARGC': IARGC, Get the number of command line arguments +* `IBCLR': IBCLR, Clear bit +* `IBITS': IBITS, Bit extraction +* `IBSET': IBSET, Set bit +* `ICHAR': ICHAR, Character-to-integer conversion function +* `IDATE': IDATE, Current local time (day/month/year) +* `IEOR': IEOR, Bitwise logical exclusive or +* `IERRNO': IERRNO, Function to get the last system error number +* `IMAGE_INDEX': IMAGE_INDEX, Cosubscript to image index conversion +* `INDEX': INDEX intrinsic, Position of a substring within a string +* `INT': INT, Convert to integer type +* `INT2': INT2, Convert to 16-bit integer type +* `INT8': INT8, Convert to 64-bit integer type +* `IOR': IOR, Bitwise logical or +* `IPARITY': IPARITY, Bitwise XOR of array elements +* `IRAND': IRAND, Integer pseudo-random number +* `IS_IOSTAT_END': IS_IOSTAT_END, Test for end-of-file value +* `IS_IOSTAT_EOR': IS_IOSTAT_EOR, Test for end-of-record value +* `ISATTY': ISATTY, Whether a unit is a terminal device +* `ISHFT': ISHFT, Shift bits +* `ISHFTC': ISHFTC, Shift bits circularly +* `ISNAN': ISNAN, Tests for a NaN +* `ITIME': ITIME, Current local time (hour/minutes/seconds) +* `KILL': KILL, Send a signal to a process +* `KIND': KIND, Kind of an entity +* `LBOUND': LBOUND, Lower dimension bounds of an array +* `LCOBOUND': LCOBOUND, Lower codimension bounds of an array +* `LEADZ': LEADZ, Number of leading zero bits of an integer +* `LEN': LEN, Length of a character entity +* `LEN_TRIM': LEN_TRIM, Length of a character entity without trailing blank characters +* `LGE': LGE, Lexical greater than or equal +* `LGT': LGT, Lexical greater than +* `LINK': LINK, Create a hard link +* `LLE': LLE, Lexical less than or equal +* `LLT': LLT, Lexical less than +* `LNBLNK': LNBLNK, Index of the last non-blank character in a string +* `LOC': LOC, Returns the address of a variable +* `LOG': LOG, Logarithm function +* `LOG10': LOG10, Base 10 logarithm function +* `LOG_GAMMA': LOG_GAMMA, Logarithm of the Gamma function +* `LOGICAL': LOGICAL, Convert to logical type +* `LONG': LONG, Convert to integer type +* `LSHIFT': LSHIFT, Left shift bits +* `LSTAT': LSTAT, Get file status +* `LTIME': LTIME, Convert time to local time info +* `MALLOC': MALLOC, Dynamic memory allocation function +* `MASKL': MASKL, Left justified mask +* `MASKR': MASKR, Right justified mask +* `MATMUL': MATMUL, matrix multiplication +* `MAX': MAX, Maximum value of an argument list +* `MAXEXPONENT': MAXEXPONENT, Maximum exponent of a real kind +* `MAXLOC': MAXLOC, Location of the maximum value within an array +* `MAXVAL': MAXVAL, Maximum value of an array +* `MCLOCK': MCLOCK, Time function +* `MCLOCK8': MCLOCK8, Time function (64-bit) +* `MERGE': MERGE, Merge arrays +* `MERGE_BITS': MERGE_BITS, Merge of bits under mask +* `MIN': MIN, Minimum value of an argument list +* `MINEXPONENT': MINEXPONENT, Minimum exponent of a real kind +* `MINLOC': MINLOC, Location of the minimum value within an array +* `MINVAL': MINVAL, Minimum value of an array +* `MOD': MOD, Remainder function +* `MODULO': MODULO, Modulo function +* `MOVE_ALLOC': MOVE_ALLOC, Move allocation from one object to another +* `MVBITS': MVBITS, Move bits from one integer to another +* `NEAREST': NEAREST, Nearest representable number +* `NEW_LINE': NEW_LINE, New line character +* `NINT': NINT, Nearest whole number +* `NORM2': NORM2, Euclidean vector norm +* `NOT': NOT, Logical negation +* `NULL': NULL, Function that returns an disassociated pointer +* `NUM_IMAGES': NUM_IMAGES, Number of images +* `OR': OR, Bitwise logical OR +* `PACK': PACK, Pack an array into an array of rank one +* `PARITY': PARITY, Reduction with exclusive OR +* `PERROR': PERROR, Print system error message +* `POPCNT': POPCNT, Number of bits set +* `POPPAR': POPPAR, Parity of the number of bits set +* `PRECISION': PRECISION, Decimal precision of a real kind +* `PRESENT': PRESENT, Determine whether an optional dummy argument is specified +* `PRODUCT': PRODUCT, Product of array elements +* `RADIX': RADIX, Base of a data model +* `RANDOM_NUMBER': RANDOM_NUMBER, Pseudo-random number +* `RANDOM_SEED': RANDOM_SEED, Initialize a pseudo-random number sequence +* `RAND': RAND, Real pseudo-random number +* `RANGE': RANGE, Decimal exponent range +* `RAN': RAN, Real pseudo-random number +* `REAL': REAL, Convert to real type +* `RENAME': RENAME, Rename a file +* `REPEAT': REPEAT, Repeated string concatenation +* `RESHAPE': RESHAPE, Function to reshape an array +* `RRSPACING': RRSPACING, Reciprocal of the relative spacing +* `RSHIFT': RSHIFT, Right shift bits +* `SAME_TYPE_AS': SAME_TYPE_AS, Query dynamic types for equality +* `SCALE': SCALE, Scale a real value +* `SCAN': SCAN, Scan a string for the presence of a set of characters +* `SECNDS': SECNDS, Time function +* `SECOND': SECOND, CPU time function +* `SELECTED_CHAR_KIND': SELECTED_CHAR_KIND, Choose character kind +* `SELECTED_INT_KIND': SELECTED_INT_KIND, Choose integer kind +* `SELECTED_REAL_KIND': SELECTED_REAL_KIND, Choose real kind +* `SET_EXPONENT': SET_EXPONENT, Set the exponent of the model +* `SHAPE': SHAPE, Determine the shape of an array +* `SHIFTA': SHIFTA, Right shift with fill +* `SHIFTL': SHIFTL, Left shift +* `SHIFTR': SHIFTR, Right shift +* `SIGN': SIGN, Sign copying function +* `SIGNAL': SIGNAL, Signal handling subroutine (or function) +* `SIN': SIN, Sine function +* `SINH': SINH, Hyperbolic sine function +* `SIZE': SIZE, Function to determine the size of an array +* `SIZEOF': SIZEOF, Determine the size in bytes of an expression +* `SLEEP': SLEEP, Sleep for the specified number of seconds +* `SPACING': SPACING, Smallest distance between two numbers of a given type +* `SPREAD': SPREAD, Add a dimension to an array +* `SQRT': SQRT, Square-root function +* `SRAND': SRAND, Reinitialize the random number generator +* `STAT': STAT, Get file status +* `STORAGE_SIZE': STORAGE_SIZE, Storage size in bits +* `SUM': SUM, Sum of array elements +* `SYMLNK': SYMLNK, Create a symbolic link +* `SYSTEM': SYSTEM, Execute a shell command +* `SYSTEM_CLOCK': SYSTEM_CLOCK, Time function +* `TAN': TAN, Tangent function +* `TANH': TANH, Hyperbolic tangent function +* `THIS_IMAGE': THIS_IMAGE, Cosubscript index of this image +* `TIME': TIME, Time function +* `TIME8': TIME8, Time function (64-bit) +* `TINY': TINY, Smallest positive number of a real kind +* `TRAILZ': TRAILZ, Number of trailing zero bits of an integer +* `TRANSFER': TRANSFER, Transfer bit patterns +* `TRANSPOSE': TRANSPOSE, Transpose an array of rank two +* `TRIM': TRIM, Remove trailing blank characters of a string +* `TTYNAM': TTYNAM, Get the name of a terminal device. +* `UBOUND': UBOUND, Upper dimension bounds of an array +* `UCOBOUND': UCOBOUND, Upper codimension bounds of an array +* `UMASK': UMASK, Set the file creation mask +* `UNLINK': UNLINK, Remove a file from the file system +* `UNPACK': UNPACK, Unpack an array of rank one into an array +* `VERIFY': VERIFY, Scan a string for the absence of a set of characters +* `XOR': XOR, Bitwise logical exclusive or + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Introduction to Intrinsics, Next: ABORT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.1 Introduction to intrinsic procedures +======================================== + +The intrinsic procedures provided by GNU Fortran include all of the +intrinsic procedures required by the Fortran 95 standard, a set of +intrinsic procedures for backwards compatibility with G77, and a +selection of intrinsic procedures from the Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 +standards. Any conflict between a description here and a description in +either the Fortran 95 standard, the Fortran 2003 standard or the Fortran +2008 standard is unintentional, and the standard(s) should be considered +authoritative. + + The enumeration of the `KIND' type parameter is processor defined in +the Fortran 95 standard. GNU Fortran defines the default integer type +and default real type by `INTEGER(KIND=4)' and `REAL(KIND=4)', +respectively. The standard mandates that both data types shall have +another kind, which have more precision. On typical target +architectures supported by `gfortran', this kind type parameter is +`KIND=8'. Hence, `REAL(KIND=8)' and `DOUBLE PRECISION' are equivalent. +In the description of generic intrinsic procedures, the kind type +parameter will be specified by `KIND=*', and in the description of +specific names for an intrinsic procedure the kind type parameter will +be explicitly given (e.g., `REAL(KIND=4)' or `REAL(KIND=8)'). Finally, +for brevity the optional `KIND=' syntax will be omitted. + + Many of the intrinsic procedures take one or more optional arguments. +This document follows the convention used in the Fortran 95 standard, +and denotes such arguments by square brackets. + + GNU Fortran offers the `-std=f95' and `-std=gnu' options, which can +be used to restrict the set of intrinsic procedures to a given +standard. By default, `gfortran' sets the `-std=gnu' option, and so +all intrinsic procedures described here are accepted. There is one +caveat. For a select group of intrinsic procedures, `g77' implemented +both a function and a subroutine. Both classes have been implemented +in `gfortran' for backwards compatibility with `g77'. It is noted here +that these functions and subroutines cannot be intermixed in a given +subprogram. In the descriptions that follow, the applicable standard +for each intrinsic procedure is noted. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ABORT, Next: ABS, Prev: Introduction to Intrinsics, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.2 `ABORT' -- Abort the program +================================ + +_Description_: + `ABORT' causes immediate termination of the program. On operating + systems that support a core dump, `ABORT' will produce a core dump + even if the option `-fno-dump-core' is in effect, which is + suitable for debugging purposes. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL ABORT' + +_Return value_: + Does not return. + +_Example_: + program test_abort + integer :: i = 1, j = 2 + if (i /= j) call abort + end program test_abort + +_See also_: + *note EXIT::, *note KILL:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ABS, Next: ACCESS, Prev: ABORT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.3 `ABS' -- Absolute value +=========================== + +_Description_: + `ABS(A)' computes the absolute value of `A'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ABS(A)' + +_Arguments_: + A The type of the argument shall be an `INTEGER', + `REAL', or `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of the same type and kind as the argument + except the return value is `REAL' for a `COMPLEX' argument. + +_Example_: + program test_abs + integer :: i = -1 + real :: x = -1.e0 + complex :: z = (-1.e0,0.e0) + i = abs(i) + x = abs(x) + x = abs(z) + end program test_abs + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `ABS(A)' `REAL(4) A' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and + later + `CABS(A)' `COMPLEX(4) `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and + A' later + `DABS(A)' `REAL(8) A' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and + later + `IABS(A)' `INTEGER(4) `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and + A' later + `ZABS(A)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension + A' + `CDABS(A)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension + A' + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ACCESS, Next: ACHAR, Prev: ABS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.4 `ACCESS' -- Checks file access modes +======================================== + +_Description_: + `ACCESS(NAME, MODE)' checks whether the file NAME exists, is + readable, writable or executable. Except for the executable check, + `ACCESS' can be replaced by Fortran 95's `INQUIRE'. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ACCESS(NAME, MODE)' + +_Arguments_: + NAME Scalar `CHARACTER' of default kind with the + file name. Tailing blank are ignored unless + the character `achar(0)' is present, then all + characters up to and excluding `achar(0)' are + used as file name. + MODE Scalar `CHARACTER' of default kind with the + file access mode, may be any concatenation of + `"r"' (readable), `"w"' (writable) and `"x"' + (executable), or `" "' to check for existence. + +_Return value_: + Returns a scalar `INTEGER', which is `0' if the file is accessible + in the given mode; otherwise or if an invalid argument has been + given for `MODE' the value `1' is returned. + +_Example_: + program access_test + implicit none + character(len=*), parameter :: file = 'test.dat' + character(len=*), parameter :: file2 = 'test.dat '//achar(0) + if(access(file,' ') == 0) print *, trim(file),' is exists' + if(access(file,'r') == 0) print *, trim(file),' is readable' + if(access(file,'w') == 0) print *, trim(file),' is writable' + if(access(file,'x') == 0) print *, trim(file),' is executable' + if(access(file2,'rwx') == 0) & + print *, trim(file2),' is readable, writable and executable' + end program access_test + +_Specific names_: + +_See also_: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ACHAR, Next: ACOS, Prev: ACCESS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.5 `ACHAR' -- Character in ASCII collating sequence +==================================================== + +_Description_: + `ACHAR(I)' returns the character located at position `I' in the + ASCII collating sequence. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ACHAR(I [, KIND])' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be `INTEGER'. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `CHARACTER' with a length of one. If + the KIND argument is present, the return value is of the specified + kind and of the default kind otherwise. + +_Example_: + program test_achar + character c + c = achar(32) + end program test_achar + +_Note_: + See *note ICHAR:: for a discussion of converting between numerical + values and formatted string representations. + +_See also_: + *note CHAR::, *note IACHAR::, *note ICHAR:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ACOS, Next: ACOSH, Prev: ACHAR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.6 `ACOS' -- Arccosine function +================================ + +_Description_: + `ACOS(X)' computes the arccosine of X (inverse of `COS(X)'). + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ACOS(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall either be `REAL' with a + magnitude that is less than or equal to one - + or the type shall be `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real part + of the result is in radians and lies in the range 0 \leq \Re + \acos(x) \leq \pi. + +_Example_: + program test_acos + real(8) :: x = 0.866_8 + x = acos(x) + end program test_acos + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `ACOS(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and + later + `DACOS(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and + later + +_See also_: + Inverse function: *note COS:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ACOSH, Next: ADJUSTL, Prev: ACOS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.7 `ACOSH' -- Inverse hyperbolic cosine function +================================================= + +_Description_: + `ACOSH(X)' computes the inverse hyperbolic cosine of X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ACOSH(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value has the same type and kind as X. If X is complex, + the imaginary part of the result is in radians and lies between 0 + \leq \Im \acosh(x) \leq \pi. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_acosh + REAL(8), DIMENSION(3) :: x = (/ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 /) + WRITE (*,*) ACOSH(x) + END PROGRAM + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `DACOSH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension + +_See also_: + Inverse function: *note COSH:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ADJUSTL, Next: ADJUSTR, Prev: ACOSH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.8 `ADJUSTL' -- Left adjust a string +===================================== + +_Description_: + `ADJUSTL(STRING)' will left adjust a string by removing leading + spaces. Spaces are inserted at the end of the string as needed. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 90 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ADJUSTL(STRING)' + +_Arguments_: + STRING The type shall be `CHARACTER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `CHARACTER' and of the same kind as + STRING where leading spaces are removed and the same number of + spaces are inserted on the end of STRING. + +_Example_: + program test_adjustl + character(len=20) :: str = ' gfortran' + str = adjustl(str) + print *, str + end program test_adjustl + +_See also_: + *note ADJUSTR::, *note TRIM:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ADJUSTR, Next: AIMAG, Prev: ADJUSTL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.9 `ADJUSTR' -- Right adjust a string +====================================== + +_Description_: + `ADJUSTR(STRING)' will right adjust a string by removing trailing + spaces. Spaces are inserted at the start of the string as needed. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ADJUSTR(STRING)' + +_Arguments_: + STR The type shall be `CHARACTER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `CHARACTER' and of the same kind as + STRING where trailing spaces are removed and the same number of + spaces are inserted at the start of STRING. + +_Example_: + program test_adjustr + character(len=20) :: str = 'gfortran' + str = adjustr(str) + print *, str + end program test_adjustr + +_See also_: + *note ADJUSTL::, *note TRIM:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: AIMAG, Next: AINT, Prev: ADJUSTR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.10 `AIMAG' -- Imaginary part of complex number +================================================ + +_Description_: + `AIMAG(Z)' yields the imaginary part of complex argument `Z'. The + `IMAG(Z)' and `IMAGPART(Z)' intrinsic functions are provided for + compatibility with `g77', and their use in new code is strongly + discouraged. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = AIMAG(Z)' + +_Arguments_: + Z The type of the argument shall be `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `REAL' with the kind type parameter of + the argument. + +_Example_: + program test_aimag + complex(4) z4 + complex(8) z8 + z4 = cmplx(1.e0_4, 0.e0_4) + z8 = cmplx(0.e0_8, 1.e0_8) + print *, aimag(z4), dimag(z8) + end program test_aimag + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `AIMAG(Z)' `COMPLEX Z' `REAL' GNU extension + `DIMAG(Z)' `COMPLEX(8) `REAL(8)' GNU extension + Z' + `IMAG(Z)' `COMPLEX Z' `REAL' GNU extension + `IMAGPART(Z)' `COMPLEX Z' `REAL' GNU extension + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: AINT, Next: ALARM, Prev: AIMAG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.11 `AINT' -- Truncate to a whole number +========================================= + +_Description_: + `AINT(A [, KIND])' truncates its argument to a whole number. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = AINT(A [, KIND])' + +_Arguments_: + A The type of the argument shall be `REAL'. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `REAL' with the kind type parameter of + the argument if the optional KIND is absent; otherwise, the kind + type parameter will be given by KIND. If the magnitude of X is + less than one, `AINT(X)' returns zero. If the magnitude is equal + to or greater than one then it returns the largest whole number + that does not exceed its magnitude. The sign is the same as the + sign of X. + +_Example_: + program test_aint + real(4) x4 + real(8) x8 + x4 = 1.234E0_4 + x8 = 4.321_8 + print *, aint(x4), dint(x8) + x8 = aint(x4,8) + end program test_aint + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `AINT(A)' `REAL(4) A' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and + later + `DINT(A)' `REAL(8) A' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and + later + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ALARM, Next: ALL, Prev: AINT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.12 `ALARM' -- Execute a routine after a given delay +===================================================== + +_Description_: + `ALARM(SECONDS, HANDLER [, STATUS])' causes external subroutine + HANDLER to be executed after a delay of SECONDS by using + `alarm(2)' to set up a signal and `signal(2)' to catch it. If + STATUS is supplied, it will be returned with the number of seconds + remaining until any previously scheduled alarm was due to be + delivered, or zero if there was no previously scheduled alarm. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL ALARM(SECONDS, HANDLER [, STATUS])' + +_Arguments_: + SECONDS The type of the argument shall be a scalar + `INTEGER'. It is `INTENT(IN)'. + HANDLER Signal handler (`INTEGER FUNCTION' or + `SUBROUTINE') or dummy/global `INTEGER' + scalar. The scalar values may be either + `SIG_IGN=1' to ignore the alarm generated or + `SIG_DFL=0' to set the default action. It is + `INTENT(IN)'. + STATUS (Optional) STATUS shall be a scalar variable + of the default `INTEGER' kind. It is + `INTENT(OUT)'. + +_Example_: + program test_alarm + external handler_print + integer i + call alarm (3, handler_print, i) + print *, i + call sleep(10) + end program test_alarm + This will cause the external routine HANDLER_PRINT to be called + after 3 seconds. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ALL, Next: ALLOCATED, Prev: ALARM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.13 `ALL' -- All values in MASK along DIM are true +=================================================== + +_Description_: + `ALL(MASK [, DIM])' determines if all the values are true in MASK + in the array along dimension DIM. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ALL(MASK [, DIM])' + +_Arguments_: + MASK The type of the argument shall be `LOGICAL' and + it shall not be scalar. + DIM (Optional) DIM shall be a scalar integer with + a value that lies between one and the rank of + MASK. + +_Return value_: + `ALL(MASK)' returns a scalar value of type `LOGICAL' where the + kind type parameter is the same as the kind type parameter of + MASK. If DIM is present, then `ALL(MASK, DIM)' returns an array + with the rank of MASK minus 1. The shape is determined from the + shape of MASK where the DIM dimension is elided. + + (A) + `ALL(MASK)' is true if all elements of MASK are true. It + also is true if MASK has zero size; otherwise, it is false. + + (B) + If the rank of MASK is one, then `ALL(MASK,DIM)' is equivalent + to `ALL(MASK)'. If the rank is greater than one, then + `ALL(MASK,DIM)' is determined by applying `ALL' to the array + sections. + +_Example_: + program test_all + logical l + l = all((/.true., .true., .true./)) + print *, l + call section + contains + subroutine section + integer a(2,3), b(2,3) + a = 1 + b = 1 + b(2,2) = 2 + print *, all(a .eq. b, 1) + print *, all(a .eq. b, 2) + end subroutine section + end program test_all + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ALLOCATED, Next: AND, Prev: ALL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.14 `ALLOCATED' -- Status of an allocatable entity +=================================================== + +_Description_: + `ALLOCATED(ARRAY)' and `ALLOCATED(SCALAR)' check the allocation + status of ARRAY and SCALAR, respectively. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later. Note, the `SCALAR=' keyword and allocatable + scalar entities are available in Fortran 2003 and later. + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ALLOCATED(ARRAY)' + `RESULT = ALLOCATED(SCALAR)' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY The argument shall be an `ALLOCATABLE' array. + SCALAR The argument shall be an `ALLOCATABLE' scalar. + +_Return value_: + The return value is a scalar `LOGICAL' with the default logical + kind type parameter. If the argument is allocated, then the + result is `.TRUE.'; otherwise, it returns `.FALSE.' + +_Example_: + program test_allocated + integer :: i = 4 + real(4), allocatable :: x(:) + if (.not. allocated(x)) allocate(x(i)) + end program test_allocated + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: AND, Next: ANINT, Prev: ALLOCATED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.15 `AND' -- Bitwise logical AND +================================= + +_Description_: + Bitwise logical `AND'. + + This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with + GNU Fortran 77. For integer arguments, programmers should consider + the use of the *note IAND:: intrinsic defined by the Fortran + standard. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = AND(I, J)' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be either a scalar `INTEGER' + type or a scalar `LOGICAL' type. + J The type shall be the same as the type of I. + +_Return value_: + The return type is either a scalar `INTEGER' or a scalar + `LOGICAL'. If the kind type parameters differ, then the smaller + kind type is implicitly converted to larger kind, and the return + has the larger kind. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_and + LOGICAL :: T = .TRUE., F = .FALSE. + INTEGER :: a, b + DATA a / Z'F' /, b / Z'3' / + + WRITE (*,*) AND(T, T), AND(T, F), AND(F, T), AND(F, F) + WRITE (*,*) AND(a, b) + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + Fortran 95 elemental function: *note IAND:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ANINT, Next: ANY, Prev: AND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.16 `ANINT' -- Nearest whole number +==================================== + +_Description_: + `ANINT(A [, KIND])' rounds its argument to the nearest whole + number. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ANINT(A [, KIND])' + +_Arguments_: + A The type of the argument shall be `REAL'. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type real with the kind type parameter of + the argument if the optional KIND is absent; otherwise, the kind + type parameter will be given by KIND. If A is greater than zero, + `ANINT(A)' returns `AINT(X+0.5)'. If A is less than or equal to + zero then it returns `AINT(X-0.5)'. + +_Example_: + program test_anint + real(4) x4 + real(8) x8 + x4 = 1.234E0_4 + x8 = 4.321_8 + print *, anint(x4), dnint(x8) + x8 = anint(x4,8) + end program test_anint + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `AINT(A)' `REAL(4) A' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and + later + `DNINT(A)' `REAL(8) A' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and + later + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ANY, Next: ASIN, Prev: ANINT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.17 `ANY' -- Any value in MASK along DIM is true +================================================= + +_Description_: + `ANY(MASK [, DIM])' determines if any of the values in the logical + array MASK along dimension DIM are `.TRUE.'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ANY(MASK [, DIM])' + +_Arguments_: + MASK The type of the argument shall be `LOGICAL' and + it shall not be scalar. + DIM (Optional) DIM shall be a scalar integer with + a value that lies between one and the rank of + MASK. + +_Return value_: + `ANY(MASK)' returns a scalar value of type `LOGICAL' where the + kind type parameter is the same as the kind type parameter of + MASK. If DIM is present, then `ANY(MASK, DIM)' returns an array + with the rank of MASK minus 1. The shape is determined from the + shape of MASK where the DIM dimension is elided. + + (A) + `ANY(MASK)' is true if any element of MASK is true; + otherwise, it is false. It also is false if MASK has zero + size. + + (B) + If the rank of MASK is one, then `ANY(MASK,DIM)' is equivalent + to `ANY(MASK)'. If the rank is greater than one, then + `ANY(MASK,DIM)' is determined by applying `ANY' to the array + sections. + +_Example_: + program test_any + logical l + l = any((/.true., .true., .true./)) + print *, l + call section + contains + subroutine section + integer a(2,3), b(2,3) + a = 1 + b = 1 + b(2,2) = 2 + print *, any(a .eq. b, 1) + print *, any(a .eq. b, 2) + end subroutine section + end program test_any + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ASIN, Next: ASINH, Prev: ANY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.18 `ASIN' -- Arcsine function +=============================== + +_Description_: + `ASIN(X)' computes the arcsine of its X (inverse of `SIN(X)'). + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ASIN(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be either `REAL' and a + magnitude that is less than or equal to one - + or be `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real part + of the result is in radians and lies in the range -\pi/2 \leq \Re + \asin(x) \leq \pi/2. + +_Example_: + program test_asin + real(8) :: x = 0.866_8 + x = asin(x) + end program test_asin + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `ASIN(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and + later + `DASIN(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and + later + +_See also_: + Inverse function: *note SIN:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ASINH, Next: ASSOCIATED, Prev: ASIN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.19 `ASINH' -- Inverse hyperbolic sine function +================================================ + +_Description_: + `ASINH(X)' computes the inverse hyperbolic sine of X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ASINH(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of the same type and kind as X. If X is + complex, the imaginary part of the result is in radians and lies + between -\pi/2 \leq \Im \asinh(x) \leq \pi/2. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_asinh + REAL(8), DIMENSION(3) :: x = (/ -1.0, 0.0, 1.0 /) + WRITE (*,*) ASINH(x) + END PROGRAM + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `DASINH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension. + +_See also_: + Inverse function: *note SINH:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ASSOCIATED, Next: ATAN, Prev: ASINH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.20 `ASSOCIATED' -- Status of a pointer or pointer/target pair +=============================================================== + +_Description_: + `ASSOCIATED(POINTER [, TARGET])' determines the status of the + pointer POINTER or if POINTER is associated with the target TARGET. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ASSOCIATED(POINTER [, TARGET])' + +_Arguments_: + POINTER POINTER shall have the `POINTER' attribute and + it can be of any type. + TARGET (Optional) TARGET shall be a pointer or a + target. It must have the same type, kind type + parameter, and array rank as POINTER. + The association status of neither POINTER nor TARGET shall be + undefined. + +_Return value_: + `ASSOCIATED(POINTER)' returns a scalar value of type `LOGICAL(4)'. + There are several cases: + (A) When the optional TARGET is not present then + `ASSOCIATED(POINTER)' is true if POINTER is associated with a + target; otherwise, it returns false. + + (B) If TARGET is present and a scalar target, the result is true if + TARGET is not a zero-sized storage sequence and the target + associated with POINTER occupies the same storage units. If + POINTER is disassociated, the result is false. + + (C) If TARGET is present and an array target, the result is true if + TARGET and POINTER have the same shape, are not zero-sized + arrays, are arrays whose elements are not zero-sized storage + sequences, and TARGET and POINTER occupy the same storage + units in array element order. As in case(B), the result is + false, if POINTER is disassociated. + + (D) If TARGET is present and an scalar pointer, the result is true + if TARGET is associated with POINTER, the target associated + with TARGET are not zero-sized storage sequences and occupy + the same storage units. The result is false, if either + TARGET or POINTER is disassociated. + + (E) If TARGET is present and an array pointer, the result is true if + target associated with POINTER and the target associated with + TARGET have the same shape, are not zero-sized arrays, are + arrays whose elements are not zero-sized storage sequences, + and TARGET and POINTER occupy the same storage units in array + element order. The result is false, if either TARGET or + POINTER is disassociated. + +_Example_: + program test_associated + implicit none + real, target :: tgt(2) = (/1., 2./) + real, pointer :: ptr(:) + ptr => tgt + if (associated(ptr) .eqv. .false.) call abort + if (associated(ptr,tgt) .eqv. .false.) call abort + end program test_associated + +_See also_: + *note NULL:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ATAN, Next: ATAN2, Prev: ASSOCIATED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.21 `ATAN' -- Arctangent function +================================== + +_Description_: + `ATAN(X)' computes the arctangent of X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument and for two arguments + Fortran 2008 or later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ATAN(X)' + `RESULT = ATAN(Y, X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'; if Y is + present, X shall be REAL. + Y shall + be of the + same type + and kind + as X. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of the same type and kind as X. If Y is + present, the result is identical to `ATAN2(Y,X)'. Otherwise, it + the arcus tangent of X, where the real part of the result is in + radians and lies in the range -\pi/2 \leq \Re \atan(x) \leq \pi/2. + +_Example_: + program test_atan + real(8) :: x = 2.866_8 + x = atan(x) + end program test_atan + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `ATAN(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and + later + `DATAN(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and + later + +_See also_: + Inverse function: *note TAN:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ATAN2, Next: ATANH, Prev: ATAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.22 `ATAN2' -- Arctangent function +=================================== + +_Description_: + `ATAN2(Y, X)' computes the principal value of the argument + function of the complex number X + i Y. This function can be used + to transform from Cartesian into polar coordinates and allows to + determine the angle in the correct quadrant. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ATAN2(Y, X)' + +_Arguments_: + Y The type shall be `REAL'. + X The type and kind type parameter shall be the + same as Y. If Y is zero, then X must be + nonzero. + +_Return value_: + The return value has the same type and kind type parameter as Y. + It is the principal value of the complex number X + i Y. If X is + nonzero, then it lies in the range -\pi \le \atan (x) \leq \pi. + The sign is positive if Y is positive. If Y is zero, then the + return value is zero if X is positive and \pi if X is negative. + Finally, if X is zero, then the magnitude of the result is \pi/2. + +_Example_: + program test_atan2 + real(4) :: x = 1.e0_4, y = 0.5e0_4 + x = atan2(y,x) + end program test_atan2 + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `ATAN2(X, `REAL(4) X, `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and + Y)' Y' later + `DATAN2(X, `REAL(8) X, `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and + Y)' Y' later + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ATANH, Next: BESSEL_J0, Prev: ATAN2, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.23 `ATANH' -- Inverse hyperbolic tangent function +=================================================== + +_Description_: + `ATANH(X)' computes the inverse hyperbolic tangent of X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ATANH(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value has same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the + imaginary part of the result is in radians and lies between -\pi/2 + \leq \Im \atanh(x) \leq \pi/2. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_atanh + REAL, DIMENSION(3) :: x = (/ -1.0, 0.0, 1.0 /) + WRITE (*,*) ATANH(x) + END PROGRAM + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `DATANH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension + +_See also_: + Inverse function: *note TANH:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_J0, Next: BESSEL_J1, Prev: ATANH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.24 `BESSEL_J0' -- Bessel function of the first kind of order 0 +================================================================ + +_Description_: + `BESSEL_J0(X)' computes the Bessel function of the first kind of + order 0 of X. This function is available under the name `BESJ0' as + a GNU extension. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = BESSEL_J0(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL', and it shall be + scalar. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `REAL' and lies in the range - + 0.4027... \leq Bessel (0,x) \leq 1. It has the same kind as X. + +_Example_: + program test_besj0 + real(8) :: x = 0.0_8 + x = bessel_j0(x) + end program test_besj0 + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `DBESJ0(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_J1, Next: BESSEL_JN, Prev: BESSEL_J0, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.25 `BESSEL_J1' -- Bessel function of the first kind of order 1 +================================================================ + +_Description_: + `BESSEL_J1(X)' computes the Bessel function of the first kind of + order 1 of X. This function is available under the name `BESJ1' as + a GNU extension. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = BESSEL_J1(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL', and it shall be + scalar. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `REAL' and it lies in the range - + 0.5818... \leq Bessel (0,x) \leq 0.5818 . It has the same kind as + X. + +_Example_: + program test_besj1 + real(8) :: x = 1.0_8 + x = bessel_j1(x) + end program test_besj1 + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `DBESJ1(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_JN, Next: BESSEL_Y0, Prev: BESSEL_J1, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.26 `BESSEL_JN' -- Bessel function of the first kind +===================================================== + +_Description_: + `BESSEL_JN(N, X)' computes the Bessel function of the first kind of + order N of X. This function is available under the name `BESJN' as + a GNU extension. If N and X are arrays, their ranks and shapes + shall conform. + + `BESSEL_JN(N1, N2, X)' returns an array with the Bessel functions + of the first kind of the orders N1 to N2. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later, negative N is allowed as GNU extension + +_Class_: + Elemental function, except for the transformational function + `BESSEL_JN(N1, N2, X)' + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = BESSEL_JN(N, X)' + `RESULT = BESSEL_JN(N1, N2, X)' + +_Arguments_: + N Shall be a scalar or an array of type + `INTEGER'. + N1 Shall be a non-negative scalar of type + `INTEGER'. + N2 Shall be a non-negative scalar of type + `INTEGER'. + X Shall be a scalar or an array of type `REAL'; + for `BESSEL_JN(N1, N2, X)' it shall be scalar. + +_Return value_: + The return value is a scalar of type `REAL'. It has the same kind + as X. + +_Note_: + The transformational function uses a recurrence algorithm which + might, for some values of X, lead to different results than calls + to the elemental function. + +_Example_: + program test_besjn + real(8) :: x = 1.0_8 + x = bessel_jn(5,x) + end program test_besjn + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `DBESJN(N, `INTEGER N' `REAL(8)' GNU extension + X)' + `REAL(8) X' + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_Y0, Next: BESSEL_Y1, Prev: BESSEL_JN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.27 `BESSEL_Y0' -- Bessel function of the second kind of order 0 +================================================================= + +_Description_: + `BESSEL_Y0(X)' computes the Bessel function of the second kind of + order 0 of X. This function is available under the name `BESY0' as + a GNU extension. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = BESSEL_Y0(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL', and it shall be + scalar. + +_Return value_: + The return value is a scalar of type `REAL'. It has the same kind + as X. + +_Example_: + program test_besy0 + real(8) :: x = 0.0_8 + x = bessel_y0(x) + end program test_besy0 + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `DBESY0(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_Y1, Next: BESSEL_YN, Prev: BESSEL_Y0, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.28 `BESSEL_Y1' -- Bessel function of the second kind of order 1 +================================================================= + +_Description_: + `BESSEL_Y1(X)' computes the Bessel function of the second kind of + order 1 of X. This function is available under the name `BESY1' as + a GNU extension. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = BESSEL_Y1(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL', and it shall be + scalar. + +_Return value_: + The return value is a scalar of type `REAL'. It has the same kind + as X. + +_Example_: + program test_besy1 + real(8) :: x = 1.0_8 + x = bessel_y1(x) + end program test_besy1 + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `DBESY1(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_YN, Next: BGE, Prev: BESSEL_Y1, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.29 `BESSEL_YN' -- Bessel function of the second kind +====================================================== + +_Description_: + `BESSEL_YN(N, X)' computes the Bessel function of the second kind + of order N of X. This function is available under the name `BESYN' + as a GNU extension. If N and X are arrays, their ranks and shapes + shall conform. + + `BESSEL_YN(N1, N2, X)' returns an array with the Bessel functions + of the first kind of the orders N1 to N2. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later, negative N is allowed as GNU extension + +_Class_: + Elemental function, except for the transformational function + `BESSEL_YN(N1, N2, X)' + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = BESSEL_YN(N, X)' + `RESULT = BESSEL_YN(N1, N2, X)' + +_Arguments_: + N Shall be a scalar or an array of type + `INTEGER' . + N1 Shall be a non-negative scalar of type + `INTEGER'. + N2 Shall be a non-negative scalar of type + `INTEGER'. + X Shall be a scalar or an array of type `REAL'; + for `BESSEL_YN(N1, N2, X)' it shall be scalar. + +_Return value_: + The return value is a scalar of type `REAL'. It has the same kind + as X. + +_Note_: + The transformational function uses a recurrence algorithm which + might, for some values of X, lead to different results than calls + to the elemental function. + +_Example_: + program test_besyn + real(8) :: x = 1.0_8 + x = bessel_yn(5,x) + end program test_besyn + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `DBESYN(N,X)' `INTEGER N' `REAL(8)' GNU extension + `REAL(8) X' + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: BGE, Next: BGT, Prev: BESSEL_YN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.30 `BGE' -- Bitwise greater than or equal to +============================================== + +_Description_: + Determines whether an integral is a bitwise greater than or equal + to another. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = BGE(I, J)' + +_Arguments_: + I Shall be of `INTEGER' type. + J Shall be of `INTEGER' type, and of the same + kind as I. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `LOGICAL' and of the default kind. + +_See also_: + *note BGT::, *note BLE::, *note BLT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: BGT, Next: BIT_SIZE, Prev: BGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.31 `BGT' -- Bitwise greater than +================================== + +_Description_: + Determines whether an integral is a bitwise greater than another. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = BGT(I, J)' + +_Arguments_: + I Shall be of `INTEGER' type. + J Shall be of `INTEGER' type, and of the same + kind as I. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `LOGICAL' and of the default kind. + +_See also_: + *note BGE::, *note BLE::, *note BLT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: BIT_SIZE, Next: BLE, Prev: BGT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.32 `BIT_SIZE' -- Bit size inquiry function +============================================ + +_Description_: + `BIT_SIZE(I)' returns the number of bits (integer precision plus + sign bit) represented by the type of I. The result of + `BIT_SIZE(I)' is independent of the actual value of I. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = BIT_SIZE(I)' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' + +_Example_: + program test_bit_size + integer :: i = 123 + integer :: size + size = bit_size(i) + print *, size + end program test_bit_size + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: BLE, Next: BLT, Prev: BIT_SIZE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.33 `BLE' -- Bitwise less than or equal to +=========================================== + +_Description_: + Determines whether an integral is a bitwise less than or equal to + another. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = BLE(I, J)' + +_Arguments_: + I Shall be of `INTEGER' type. + J Shall be of `INTEGER' type, and of the same + kind as I. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `LOGICAL' and of the default kind. + +_See also_: + *note BGT::, *note BGE::, *note BLT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: BLT, Next: BTEST, Prev: BLE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.34 `BLT' -- Bitwise less than +=============================== + +_Description_: + Determines whether an integral is a bitwise less than another. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = BLT(I, J)' + +_Arguments_: + I Shall be of `INTEGER' type. + J Shall be of `INTEGER' type, and of the same + kind as I. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `LOGICAL' and of the default kind. + +_See also_: + *note BGE::, *note BGT::, *note BLE:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: BTEST, Next: C_ASSOCIATED, Prev: BLT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.35 `BTEST' -- Bit test function +================================= + +_Description_: + `BTEST(I,POS)' returns logical `.TRUE.' if the bit at POS in I is + set. The counting of the bits starts at 0. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = BTEST(I, POS)' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be `INTEGER'. + POS The type shall be `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `LOGICAL' + +_Example_: + program test_btest + integer :: i = 32768 + 1024 + 64 + integer :: pos + logical :: bool + do pos=0,16 + bool = btest(i, pos) + print *, pos, bool + end do + end program test_btest + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: C_ASSOCIATED, Next: C_F_POINTER, Prev: BTEST, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.36 `C_ASSOCIATED' -- Status of a C pointer +============================================ + +_Description_: + `C_ASSOCIATED(c_prt_1[, c_ptr_2])' determines the status of the C + pointer C_PTR_1 or if C_PTR_1 is associated with the target + C_PTR_2. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = C_ASSOCIATED(c_prt_1[, c_ptr_2])' + +_Arguments_: + C_PTR_1 Scalar of the type `C_PTR' or `C_FUNPTR'. + C_PTR_2 (Optional) Scalar of the same type as C_PTR_1. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `LOGICAL'; it is `.false.' if either + C_PTR_1 is a C NULL pointer or if C_PTR1 and C_PTR_2 point to + different addresses. + +_Example_: + subroutine association_test(a,b) + use iso_c_binding, only: c_associated, c_loc, c_ptr + implicit none + real, pointer :: a + type(c_ptr) :: b + if(c_associated(b, c_loc(a))) & + stop 'b and a do not point to same target' + end subroutine association_test + +_See also_: + *note C_LOC::, *note C_FUNLOC:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: C_FUNLOC, Next: C_LOC, Prev: C_F_PROCPOINTER, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.37 `C_FUNLOC' -- Obtain the C address of a procedure +====================================================== + +_Description_: + `C_FUNLOC(x)' determines the C address of the argument. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = C_FUNLOC(x)' + +_Arguments_: + X Interoperable function or pointer to such + function. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `C_FUNPTR' and contains the C address + of the argument. + +_Example_: + module x + use iso_c_binding + implicit none + contains + subroutine sub(a) bind(c) + real(c_float) :: a + a = sqrt(a)+5.0 + end subroutine sub + end module x + program main + use iso_c_binding + use x + implicit none + interface + subroutine my_routine(p) bind(c,name='myC_func') + import :: c_funptr + type(c_funptr), intent(in) :: p + end subroutine + end interface + call my_routine(c_funloc(sub)) + end program main + +_See also_: + *note C_ASSOCIATED::, *note C_LOC::, *note C_F_POINTER::, *note + C_F_PROCPOINTER:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: C_F_PROCPOINTER, Next: C_FUNLOC, Prev: C_F_POINTER, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.38 `C_F_PROCPOINTER' -- Convert C into Fortran procedure pointer +================================================================== + +_Description_: + `C_F_PROCPOINTER(CPTR, FPTR)' Assign the target of the C function + pointer CPTR to the Fortran procedure pointer FPTR. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL C_F_PROCPOINTER(cptr, fptr)' + +_Arguments_: + CPTR scalar of the type `C_FUNPTR'. It is + `INTENT(IN)'. + FPTR procedure pointer interoperable with CPTR. It + is `INTENT(OUT)'. + +_Example_: + program main + use iso_c_binding + implicit none + abstract interface + function func(a) + import :: c_float + real(c_float), intent(in) :: a + real(c_float) :: func + end function + end interface + interface + function getIterFunc() bind(c,name="getIterFunc") + import :: c_funptr + type(c_funptr) :: getIterFunc + end function + end interface + type(c_funptr) :: cfunptr + procedure(func), pointer :: myFunc + cfunptr = getIterFunc() + call c_f_procpointer(cfunptr, myFunc) + end program main + +_See also_: + *note C_LOC::, *note C_F_POINTER:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: C_F_POINTER, Next: C_F_PROCPOINTER, Prev: C_ASSOCIATED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.39 `C_F_POINTER' -- Convert C into Fortran pointer +==================================================== + +_Description_: + `C_F_POINTER(CPTR, FPTR[, SHAPE])' Assign the target the C pointer + CPTR to the Fortran pointer FPTR and specify its shape. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL C_F_POINTER(CPTR, FPTR[, SHAPE])' + +_Arguments_: + CPTR scalar of the type `C_PTR'. It is `INTENT(IN)'. + FPTR pointer interoperable with CPTR. It is + `INTENT(OUT)'. + SHAPE (Optional) Rank-one array of type `INTEGER' + with `INTENT(IN)'. It shall be present if and + only if FPTR is an array. The size must be + equal to the rank of FPTR. + +_Example_: + program main + use iso_c_binding + implicit none + interface + subroutine my_routine(p) bind(c,name='myC_func') + import :: c_ptr + type(c_ptr), intent(out) :: p + end subroutine + end interface + type(c_ptr) :: cptr + real,pointer :: a(:) + call my_routine(cptr) + call c_f_pointer(cptr, a, [12]) + end program main + +_See also_: + *note C_LOC::, *note C_F_PROCPOINTER:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: C_LOC, Next: C_SIZEOF, Prev: C_FUNLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.40 `C_LOC' -- Obtain the C address of an object +================================================= + +_Description_: + `C_LOC(X)' determines the C address of the argument. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = C_LOC(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X Shall have either the POINTER or TARGET + attribute. It shall not be a coindexed object. It + shall either be a variable with interoperable + type and kind type parameters, or be a scalar, + nonpolymorphic variable with no length type + parameters. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `C_PTR' and contains the C address of + the argument. + +_Example_: + subroutine association_test(a,b) + use iso_c_binding, only: c_associated, c_loc, c_ptr + implicit none + real, pointer :: a + type(c_ptr) :: b + if(c_associated(b, c_loc(a))) & + stop 'b and a do not point to same target' + end subroutine association_test + +_See also_: + *note C_ASSOCIATED::, *note C_FUNLOC::, *note C_F_POINTER::, *note + C_F_PROCPOINTER:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: C_SIZEOF, Next: CEILING, Prev: C_LOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.41 `C_SIZEOF' -- Size in bytes of an expression +================================================= + +_Description_: + `C_SIZEOF(X)' calculates the number of bytes of storage the + expression `X' occupies. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 + +_Class_: + Inquiry function of the module `ISO_C_BINDING' + +_Syntax_: + `N = C_SIZEOF(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The argument shall be an interoperable data + entity. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type integer and of the system-dependent + kind `C_SIZE_T' (from the `ISO_C_BINDING' module). Its value is the + number of bytes occupied by the argument. If the argument has the + `POINTER' attribute, the number of bytes of the storage area + pointed to is returned. If the argument is of a derived type with + `POINTER' or `ALLOCATABLE' components, the return value doesn't + account for the sizes of the data pointed to by these components. + +_Example_: + use iso_c_binding + integer(c_int) :: i + real(c_float) :: r, s(5) + print *, (c_sizeof(s)/c_sizeof(r) == 5) + end + The example will print `.TRUE.' unless you are using a platform + where default `REAL' variables are unusually padded. + +_See also_: + *note SIZEOF::, *note STORAGE_SIZE:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: CEILING, Next: CHAR, Prev: C_SIZEOF, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.42 `CEILING' -- Integer ceiling function +========================================== + +_Description_: + `CEILING(A)' returns the least integer greater than or equal to A. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = CEILING(A [, KIND])' + +_Arguments_: + A The type shall be `REAL'. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER(KIND)' if KIND is present and + a default-kind `INTEGER' otherwise. + +_Example_: + program test_ceiling + real :: x = 63.29 + real :: y = -63.59 + print *, ceiling(x) ! returns 64 + print *, ceiling(y) ! returns -63 + end program test_ceiling + +_See also_: + *note FLOOR::, *note NINT:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: CHAR, Next: CHDIR, Prev: CEILING, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.43 `CHAR' -- Character conversion function +============================================ + +_Description_: + `CHAR(I [, KIND])' returns the character represented by the + integer I. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = CHAR(I [, KIND])' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be `INTEGER'. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `CHARACTER(1)' + +_Example_: + program test_char + integer :: i = 74 + character(1) :: c + c = char(i) + print *, i, c ! returns 'J' + end program test_char + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `CHAR(I)' `INTEGER I' `CHARACTER(LEN=1)'F77 and later + +_Note_: + See *note ICHAR:: for a discussion of converting between numerical + values and formatted string representations. + +_See also_: + *note ACHAR::, *note IACHAR::, *note ICHAR:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: CHDIR, Next: CHMOD, Prev: CHAR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.44 `CHDIR' -- Change working directory +======================================== + +_Description_: + Change current working directory to a specified path. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL CHDIR(NAME [, STATUS])' + `STATUS = CHDIR(NAME)' + +_Arguments_: + NAME The type shall be `CHARACTER' of default kind + and shall specify a valid path within the file + system. + STATUS (Optional) `INTEGER' status flag of the default + kind. Returns 0 on success, and a system + specific and nonzero error code otherwise. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_chdir + CHARACTER(len=255) :: path + CALL getcwd(path) + WRITE(*,*) TRIM(path) + CALL chdir("/tmp") + CALL getcwd(path) + WRITE(*,*) TRIM(path) + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note GETCWD:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: CHMOD, Next: CMPLX, Prev: CHDIR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.45 `CHMOD' -- Change access permissions of files +================================================== + +_Description_: + `CHMOD' changes the permissions of a file. This function invokes + `/bin/chmod' and might therefore not work on all platforms. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL CHMOD(NAME, MODE[, STATUS])' + `STATUS = CHMOD(NAME, MODE)' + +_Arguments_: + NAME Scalar `CHARACTER' of default kind with the + file name. Trailing blanks are ignored unless + the character `achar(0)' is present, then all + characters up to and excluding `achar(0)' are + used as the file name. + MODE Scalar `CHARACTER' of default kind giving the + file permission. MODE uses the same syntax as + the MODE argument of `/bin/chmod'. + STATUS (optional) scalar `INTEGER', which is `0' on + success and nonzero otherwise. + +_Return value_: + In either syntax, STATUS is set to `0' on success and nonzero + otherwise. + +_Example_: + `CHMOD' as subroutine + program chmod_test + implicit none + integer :: status + call chmod('test.dat','u+x',status) + print *, 'Status: ', status + end program chmod_test + `CHMOD' as function: + program chmod_test + implicit none + integer :: status + status = chmod('test.dat','u+x') + print *, 'Status: ', status + end program chmod_test + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: CMPLX, Next: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT, Prev: CHMOD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.46 `CMPLX' -- Complex conversion function +=========================================== + +_Description_: + `CMPLX(X [, Y [, KIND]])' returns a complex number where X is + converted to the real component. If Y is present it is converted + to the imaginary component. If Y is not present then the + imaginary component is set to 0.0. If X is complex then Y must + not be present. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = CMPLX(X [, Y [, KIND]])' + +_Arguments_: + X The type may be `INTEGER', `REAL', or + `COMPLEX'. + Y (Optional; only allowed if X is not + `COMPLEX'.) May be `INTEGER' or `REAL'. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of `COMPLEX' type, with a kind equal to KIND + if it is specified. If KIND is not specified, the result is of + the default `COMPLEX' kind, regardless of the kinds of X and Y. + +_Example_: + program test_cmplx + integer :: i = 42 + real :: x = 3.14 + complex :: z + z = cmplx(i, x) + print *, z, cmplx(x) + end program test_cmplx + +_See also_: + *note COMPLEX:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT, Next: COMPLEX, Prev: CMPLX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.47 `COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT' -- Get number of command line arguments +===================================================================== + +_Description_: + `COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT' returns the number of arguments passed on + the command line when the containing program was invoked. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT()' + +_Arguments_: + None + +_Return value_: + The return value is an `INTEGER' of default kind. + +_Example_: + program test_command_argument_count + integer :: count + count = command_argument_count() + print *, count + end program test_command_argument_count + +_See also_: + *note GET_COMMAND::, *note GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: COMPILER_OPTIONS, Next: CONJG, Prev: COMPILER_VERSION, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.48 `COMPILER_OPTIONS' -- Options passed to the compiler +========================================================= + +_Description_: + `COMPILER_OPTIONS' returns a string with the options used for + compiling. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 + +_Class_: + Inquiry function of the module `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV' + +_Syntax_: + `STR = COMPILER_OPTIONS()' + +_Arguments_: + None. + +_Return value_: + The return value is a default-kind string with system-dependent + length. It contains the compiler flags used to compile the file, + which called the `COMPILER_OPTIONS' intrinsic. + +_Example_: + use iso_fortran_env + print '(4a)', 'This file was compiled by ', & + compiler_version(), ' using the the options ', & + compiler_options() + end + +_See also_: + *note COMPILER_VERSION::, *note ISO_FORTRAN_ENV:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: COMPILER_VERSION, Next: COMPILER_OPTIONS, Prev: COMPLEX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.49 `COMPILER_VERSION' -- Compiler version string +================================================== + +_Description_: + `COMPILER_VERSION' returns a string with the name and the version + of the compiler. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 + +_Class_: + Inquiry function of the module `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV' + +_Syntax_: + `STR = COMPILER_VERSION()' + +_Arguments_: + None. + +_Return value_: + The return value is a default-kind string with system-dependent + length. It contains the name of the compiler and its version + number. + +_Example_: + use iso_fortran_env + print '(4a)', 'This file was compiled by ', & + compiler_version(), ' using the the options ', & + compiler_options() + end + +_See also_: + *note COMPILER_OPTIONS::, *note ISO_FORTRAN_ENV:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: COMPLEX, Next: COMPILER_VERSION, Prev: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.50 `COMPLEX' -- Complex conversion function +============================================= + +_Description_: + `COMPLEX(X, Y)' returns a complex number where X is converted to + the real component and Y is converted to the imaginary component. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = COMPLEX(X, Y)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type may be `INTEGER' or `REAL'. + Y The type may be `INTEGER' or `REAL'. + +_Return value_: + If X and Y are both of `INTEGER' type, then the return value is of + default `COMPLEX' type. + + If X and Y are of `REAL' type, or one is of `REAL' type and one is + of `INTEGER' type, then the return value is of `COMPLEX' type with + a kind equal to that of the `REAL' argument with the highest + precision. + +_Example_: + program test_complex + integer :: i = 42 + real :: x = 3.14 + print *, complex(i, x) + end program test_complex + +_See also_: + *note CMPLX:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: CONJG, Next: COS, Prev: COMPILER_OPTIONS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.51 `CONJG' -- Complex conjugate function +========================================== + +_Description_: + `CONJG(Z)' returns the conjugate of Z. If Z is `(x, y)' then the + result is `(x, -y)' + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `Z = CONJG(Z)' + +_Arguments_: + Z The type shall be `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `COMPLEX'. + +_Example_: + program test_conjg + complex :: z = (2.0, 3.0) + complex(8) :: dz = (2.71_8, -3.14_8) + z= conjg(z) + print *, z + dz = dconjg(dz) + print *, dz + end program test_conjg + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `CONJG(Z)' `COMPLEX Z' `COMPLEX' GNU extension + `DCONJG(Z)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension + Z' + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: COS, Next: COSH, Prev: CONJG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.52 `COS' -- Cosine function +============================= + +_Description_: + `COS(X)' computes the cosine of X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = COS(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real part + of the result is in radians. If X is of the type `REAL', the + return value lies in the range -1 \leq \cos (x) \leq 1. + +_Example_: + program test_cos + real :: x = 0.0 + x = cos(x) + end program test_cos + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `COS(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and + later + `DCOS(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and + later + `CCOS(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' Fortran 77 and + X' later + `ZCOS(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension + X' + `CDCOS(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension + X' + +_See also_: + Inverse function: *note ACOS:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: COSH, Next: COUNT, Prev: COS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.53 `COSH' -- Hyperbolic cosine function +========================================= + +_Description_: + `COSH(X)' computes the hyperbolic cosine of X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `X = COSH(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value has same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the + imaginary part of the result is in radians. If X is `REAL', the + return value has a lower bound of one, \cosh (x) \geq 1. + +_Example_: + program test_cosh + real(8) :: x = 1.0_8 + x = cosh(x) + end program test_cosh + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `COSH(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and + later + `DCOSH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and + later + +_See also_: + Inverse function: *note ACOSH:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: COUNT, Next: CPU_TIME, Prev: COSH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.54 `COUNT' -- Count function +============================== + +_Description_: + Counts the number of `.TRUE.' elements in a logical MASK, or, if + the DIM argument is supplied, counts the number of elements along + each row of the array in the DIM direction. If the array has zero + size, or all of the elements of MASK are `.FALSE.', then the + result is `0'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = COUNT(MASK [, DIM, KIND])' + +_Arguments_: + MASK The type shall be `LOGICAL'. + DIM (Optional) The type shall be `INTEGER'. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is + absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is + present, the result is an array with a rank one less than the rank + of ARRAY, and a size corresponding to the shape of ARRAY with the + DIM dimension removed. + +_Example_: + program test_count + integer, dimension(2,3) :: a, b + logical, dimension(2,3) :: mask + a = reshape( (/ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 /), (/ 2, 3 /)) + b = reshape( (/ 0, 7, 3, 4, 5, 8 /), (/ 2, 3 /)) + print '(3i3)', a(1,:) + print '(3i3)', a(2,:) + print * + print '(3i3)', b(1,:) + print '(3i3)', b(2,:) + print * + mask = a.ne.b + print '(3l3)', mask(1,:) + print '(3l3)', mask(2,:) + print * + print '(3i3)', count(mask) + print * + print '(3i3)', count(mask, 1) + print * + print '(3i3)', count(mask, 2) + end program test_count + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: CPU_TIME, Next: CSHIFT, Prev: COUNT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.55 `CPU_TIME' -- CPU elapsed time in seconds +============================================== + +_Description_: + Returns a `REAL' value representing the elapsed CPU time in + seconds. This is useful for testing segments of code to determine + execution time. + + If a time source is available, time will be reported with + microsecond resolution. If no time source is available, TIME is + set to `-1.0'. + + Note that TIME may contain a, system dependent, arbitrary offset + and may not start with `0.0'. For `CPU_TIME', the absolute value + is meaningless, only differences between subsequent calls to this + subroutine, as shown in the example below, should be used. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL CPU_TIME(TIME)' + +_Arguments_: + TIME The type shall be `REAL' with `INTENT(OUT)'. + +_Return value_: + None + +_Example_: + program test_cpu_time + real :: start, finish + call cpu_time(start) + ! put code to test here + call cpu_time(finish) + print '("Time = ",f6.3," seconds.")',finish-start + end program test_cpu_time + +_See also_: + *note SYSTEM_CLOCK::, *note DATE_AND_TIME:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: CSHIFT, Next: CTIME, Prev: CPU_TIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.56 `CSHIFT' -- Circular shift elements of an array +==================================================== + +_Description_: + `CSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT [, DIM])' performs a circular shift on + elements of ARRAY along the dimension of DIM. If DIM is omitted + it is taken to be `1'. DIM is a scalar of type `INTEGER' in the + range of 1 \leq DIM \leq n) where n is the rank of ARRAY. If the + rank of ARRAY is one, then all elements of ARRAY are shifted by + SHIFT places. If rank is greater than one, then all complete rank + one sections of ARRAY along the given dimension are shifted. + Elements shifted out one end of each rank one section are shifted + back in the other end. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = CSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT [, DIM])' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY Shall be an array of any type. + SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'. + DIM The type shall be `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + Returns an array of same type and rank as the ARRAY argument. + +_Example_: + program test_cshift + integer, dimension(3,3) :: a + a = reshape( (/ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 /), (/ 3, 3 /)) + print '(3i3)', a(1,:) + print '(3i3)', a(2,:) + print '(3i3)', a(3,:) + a = cshift(a, SHIFT=(/1, 2, -1/), DIM=2) + print * + print '(3i3)', a(1,:) + print '(3i3)', a(2,:) + print '(3i3)', a(3,:) + end program test_cshift + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: CTIME, Next: DATE_AND_TIME, Prev: CSHIFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.57 `CTIME' -- Convert a time into a string +============================================ + +_Description_: + `CTIME' converts a system time value, such as returned by `TIME8', + to a string. Unless the application has called `setlocale', the + output will be in the default locale, of length 24 and of the form + `Sat Aug 19 18:13:14 1995'. In other locales, a longer string may + result. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL CTIME(TIME, RESULT)'. + `RESULT = CTIME(TIME)'. + +_Arguments_: + TIME The type shall be of type `INTEGER'. + RESULT The type shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of + default kind. It is an `INTENT(OUT)' argument. + If the length of this variable is too short + for the time and date string to fit + completely, it will be blank on procedure + return. + +_Return value_: + The converted date and time as a string. + +_Example_: + program test_ctime + integer(8) :: i + character(len=30) :: date + i = time8() + + ! Do something, main part of the program + + call ctime(i,date) + print *, 'Program was started on ', date + end program test_ctime + +_See Also_: + *note DATE_AND_TIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note + TIME::, *note TIME8:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: DATE_AND_TIME, Next: DBLE, Prev: CTIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.58 `DATE_AND_TIME' -- Date and time subroutine +================================================ + +_Description_: + `DATE_AND_TIME(DATE, TIME, ZONE, VALUES)' gets the corresponding + date and time information from the real-time system clock. DATE is + `INTENT(OUT)' and has form ccyymmdd. TIME is `INTENT(OUT)' and + has form hhmmss.sss. ZONE is `INTENT(OUT)' and has form (+-)hhmm, + representing the difference with respect to Coordinated Universal + Time (UTC). Unavailable time and date parameters return blanks. + + VALUES is `INTENT(OUT)' and provides the following: + + `VALUE(1)': The year + `VALUE(2)': The month + `VALUE(3)': The day of the month + `VALUE(4)': Time difference with UTC + in minutes + `VALUE(5)': The hour of the day + `VALUE(6)': The minutes of the hour + `VALUE(7)': The seconds of the minute + `VALUE(8)': The milliseconds of the + second + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL DATE_AND_TIME([DATE, TIME, ZONE, VALUES])' + +_Arguments_: + DATE (Optional) The type shall be `CHARACTER(LEN=8)' + or larger, and of default kind. + TIME (Optional) The type shall be + `CHARACTER(LEN=10)' or larger, and of default + kind. + ZONE (Optional) The type shall be `CHARACTER(LEN=5)' + or larger, and of default kind. + VALUES (Optional) The type shall be `INTEGER(8)'. + +_Return value_: + None + +_Example_: + program test_time_and_date + character(8) :: date + character(10) :: time + character(5) :: zone + integer,dimension(8) :: values + ! using keyword arguments + call date_and_time(date,time,zone,values) + call date_and_time(DATE=date,ZONE=zone) + call date_and_time(TIME=time) + call date_and_time(VALUES=values) + print '(a,2x,a,2x,a)', date, time, zone + print '(8i5))', values + end program test_time_and_date + +_See also_: + *note CPU_TIME::, *note SYSTEM_CLOCK:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: DBLE, Next: DCMPLX, Prev: DATE_AND_TIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.59 `DBLE' -- Double conversion function +========================================= + +_Description_: + `DBLE(A)' Converts A to double precision real type. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = DBLE(A)' + +_Arguments_: + A The type shall be `INTEGER', `REAL', or + `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type double precision real. + +_Example_: + program test_dble + real :: x = 2.18 + integer :: i = 5 + complex :: z = (2.3,1.14) + print *, dble(x), dble(i), dble(z) + end program test_dble + +_See also_: + *note REAL:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: DCMPLX, Next: DIGITS, Prev: DBLE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.60 `DCMPLX' -- Double complex conversion function +=================================================== + +_Description_: + `DCMPLX(X [,Y])' returns a double complex number where X is + converted to the real component. If Y is present it is converted + to the imaginary component. If Y is not present then the + imaginary component is set to 0.0. If X is complex then Y must + not be present. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = DCMPLX(X [, Y])' + +_Arguments_: + X The type may be `INTEGER', `REAL', or + `COMPLEX'. + Y (Optional if X is not `COMPLEX'.) May be + `INTEGER' or `REAL'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `COMPLEX(8)' + +_Example_: + program test_dcmplx + integer :: i = 42 + real :: x = 3.14 + complex :: z + z = cmplx(i, x) + print *, dcmplx(i) + print *, dcmplx(x) + print *, dcmplx(z) + print *, dcmplx(x,i) + end program test_dcmplx + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: DIGITS, Next: DIM, Prev: DCMPLX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.61 `DIGITS' -- Significant binary digits function +=================================================== + +_Description_: + `DIGITS(X)' returns the number of significant binary digits of the + internal model representation of X. For example, on a system + using a 32-bit floating point representation, a default real + number would likely return 24. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = DIGITS(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type may be `INTEGER' or `REAL'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER'. + +_Example_: + program test_digits + integer :: i = 12345 + real :: x = 3.143 + real(8) :: y = 2.33 + print *, digits(i) + print *, digits(x) + print *, digits(y) + end program test_digits + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: DIM, Next: DOT_PRODUCT, Prev: DIGITS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.62 `DIM' -- Positive difference +================================= + +_Description_: + `DIM(X,Y)' returns the difference `X-Y' if the result is positive; + otherwise returns zero. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = DIM(X, Y)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `INTEGER' or `REAL' + Y The type shall be the same type and kind as X. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'. + +_Example_: + program test_dim + integer :: i + real(8) :: x + i = dim(4, 15) + x = dim(4.345_8, 2.111_8) + print *, i + print *, x + end program test_dim + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `DIM(X,Y)' `REAL(4) X, `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and + Y' later + `IDIM(X,Y)' `INTEGER(4) `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and + X, Y' later + `DDIM(X,Y)' `REAL(8) X, `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and + Y' later + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: DOT_PRODUCT, Next: DPROD, Prev: DIM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.63 `DOT_PRODUCT' -- Dot product function +========================================== + +_Description_: + `DOT_PRODUCT(VECTOR_A, VECTOR_B)' computes the dot product + multiplication of two vectors VECTOR_A and VECTOR_B. The two + vectors may be either numeric or logical and must be arrays of + rank one and of equal size. If the vectors are `INTEGER' or + `REAL', the result is `SUM(VECTOR_A*VECTOR_B)'. If the vectors are + `COMPLEX', the result is `SUM(CONJG(VECTOR_A)*VECTOR_B)'. If the + vectors are `LOGICAL', the result is `ANY(VECTOR_A .AND. + VECTOR_B)'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = DOT_PRODUCT(VECTOR_A, VECTOR_B)' + +_Arguments_: + VECTOR_A The type shall be numeric or `LOGICAL', rank 1. + VECTOR_B The type shall be numeric if VECTOR_A is of + numeric type or `LOGICAL' if VECTOR_A is of + type `LOGICAL'. VECTOR_B shall be a rank-one + array. + +_Return value_: + If the arguments are numeric, the return value is a scalar of + numeric type, `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX'. If the arguments + are `LOGICAL', the return value is `.TRUE.' or `.FALSE.'. + +_Example_: + program test_dot_prod + integer, dimension(3) :: a, b + a = (/ 1, 2, 3 /) + b = (/ 4, 5, 6 /) + print '(3i3)', a + print * + print '(3i3)', b + print * + print *, dot_product(a,b) + end program test_dot_prod + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: DPROD, Next: DREAL, Prev: DOT_PRODUCT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.64 `DPROD' -- Double product function +======================================= + +_Description_: + `DPROD(X,Y)' returns the product `X*Y'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = DPROD(X, Y)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL'. + Y The type shall be `REAL'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `REAL(8)'. + +_Example_: + program test_dprod + real :: x = 5.2 + real :: y = 2.3 + real(8) :: d + d = dprod(x,y) + print *, d + end program test_dprod + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `DPROD(X,Y)' `REAL(4) X, `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and + Y' later + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: DREAL, Next: DSHIFTL, Prev: DPROD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.65 `DREAL' -- Double real part function +========================================= + +_Description_: + `DREAL(Z)' returns the real part of complex variable Z. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = DREAL(A)' + +_Arguments_: + A The type shall be `COMPLEX(8)'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `REAL(8)'. + +_Example_: + program test_dreal + complex(8) :: z = (1.3_8,7.2_8) + print *, dreal(z) + end program test_dreal + +_See also_: + *note AIMAG:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: DSHIFTL, Next: DSHIFTR, Prev: DREAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.66 `DSHIFTL' -- Combined left shift +===================================== + +_Description_: + `DSHIFTL(I, J, SHIFT)' combines bits of I and J. The rightmost + SHIFT bits of the result are the leftmost SHIFT bits of J, and the + remaining bits are the rightmost bits of I. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = DSHIFTL(I, J, SHIFT)' + +_Arguments_: + I Shall be of type `INTEGER'. + J Shall be of type `INTEGER', and of the same + kind as I. + SHIFT Shall be of type `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value has same type and kind as I. + +_See also_: + *note DSHIFTR:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: DSHIFTR, Next: DTIME, Prev: DSHIFTL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.67 `DSHIFTR' -- Combined right shift +====================================== + +_Description_: + `DSHIFTR(I, J, SHIFT)' combines bits of I and J. The leftmost + SHIFT bits of the result are the rightmost SHIFT bits of I, and + the remaining bits are the leftmost bits of J. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = DSHIFTR(I, J, SHIFT)' + +_Arguments_: + I Shall be of type `INTEGER'. + J Shall be of type `INTEGER', and of the same + kind as I. + SHIFT Shall be of type `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value has same type and kind as I. + +_See also_: + *note DSHIFTL:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: DTIME, Next: EOSHIFT, Prev: DSHIFTR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.68 `DTIME' -- Execution time subroutine (or function) +======================================================= + +_Description_: + `DTIME(VALUES, TIME)' initially returns the number of seconds of + runtime since the start of the process's execution in TIME. VALUES + returns the user and system components of this time in `VALUES(1)' + and `VALUES(2)' respectively. TIME is equal to `VALUES(1) + + VALUES(2)'. + + Subsequent invocations of `DTIME' return values accumulated since + the previous invocation. + + On some systems, the underlying timings are represented using + types with sufficiently small limits that overflows (wrap around) + are possible, such as 32-bit types. Therefore, the values returned + by this intrinsic might be, or become, negative, or numerically + less than previous values, during a single run of the compiled + program. + + Please note, that this implementation is thread safe if used + within OpenMP directives, i.e., its state will be consistent while + called from multiple threads. However, if `DTIME' is called from + multiple threads, the result is still the time since the last + invocation. This may not give the intended results. If possible, + use `CPU_TIME' instead. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + + VALUES and TIME are `INTENT(OUT)' and provide the following: + + `VALUES(1)': User time in seconds. + `VALUES(2)': System time in seconds. + `TIME': Run time since start in + seconds. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL DTIME(VALUES, TIME)'. + `TIME = DTIME(VALUES)', (not recommended). + +_Arguments_: + VALUES The type shall be `REAL(4), DIMENSION(2)'. + TIME The type shall be `REAL(4)'. + +_Return value_: + Elapsed time in seconds since the last invocation or since the + start of program execution if not called before. + +_Example_: + program test_dtime + integer(8) :: i, j + real, dimension(2) :: tarray + real :: result + call dtime(tarray, result) + print *, result + print *, tarray(1) + print *, tarray(2) + do i=1,100000000 ! Just a delay + j = i * i - i + end do + call dtime(tarray, result) + print *, result + print *, tarray(1) + print *, tarray(2) + end program test_dtime + +_See also_: + *note CPU_TIME:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: EOSHIFT, Next: EPSILON, Prev: DTIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.69 `EOSHIFT' -- End-off shift elements of an array +==================================================== + +_Description_: + `EOSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT[, BOUNDARY, DIM])' performs an end-off shift + on elements of ARRAY along the dimension of DIM. If DIM is + omitted it is taken to be `1'. DIM is a scalar of type `INTEGER' + in the range of 1 \leq DIM \leq n) where n is the rank of ARRAY. + If the rank of ARRAY is one, then all elements of ARRAY are + shifted by SHIFT places. If rank is greater than one, then all + complete rank one sections of ARRAY along the given dimension are + shifted. Elements shifted out one end of each rank one section + are dropped. If BOUNDARY is present then the corresponding value + of from BOUNDARY is copied back in the other end. If BOUNDARY is + not present then the following are copied in depending on the type + of ARRAY. + + _Array _Boundary Value_ + Type_ + Numeric 0 of the type and kind of ARRAY. + Logical `.FALSE.'. + Character(LEN)LEN blanks. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = EOSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT [, BOUNDARY, DIM])' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY May be any type, not scalar. + SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'. + BOUNDARY Same type as ARRAY. + DIM The type shall be `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + Returns an array of same type and rank as the ARRAY argument. + +_Example_: + program test_eoshift + integer, dimension(3,3) :: a + a = reshape( (/ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 /), (/ 3, 3 /)) + print '(3i3)', a(1,:) + print '(3i3)', a(2,:) + print '(3i3)', a(3,:) + a = EOSHIFT(a, SHIFT=(/1, 2, 1/), BOUNDARY=-5, DIM=2) + print * + print '(3i3)', a(1,:) + print '(3i3)', a(2,:) + print '(3i3)', a(3,:) + end program test_eoshift + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: EPSILON, Next: ERF, Prev: EOSHIFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.70 `EPSILON' -- Epsilon function +================================== + +_Description_: + `EPSILON(X)' returns the smallest number E of the same kind as X + such that 1 + E > 1. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = EPSILON(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of same type as the argument. + +_Example_: + program test_epsilon + real :: x = 3.143 + real(8) :: y = 2.33 + print *, EPSILON(x) + print *, EPSILON(y) + end program test_epsilon + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ERF, Next: ERFC, Prev: EPSILON, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.71 `ERF' -- Error function +============================ + +_Description_: + `ERF(X)' computes the error function of X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ERF(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `REAL', of the same kind as X and lies + in the range -1 \leq erf (x) \leq 1 . + +_Example_: + program test_erf + real(8) :: x = 0.17_8 + x = erf(x) + end program test_erf + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `DERF(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ERFC, Next: ERFC_SCALED, Prev: ERF, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.72 `ERFC' -- Error function +============================= + +_Description_: + `ERFC(X)' computes the complementary error function of X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ERFC(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `REAL' and of the same kind as X. It + lies in the range 0 \leq erfc (x) \leq 2 . + +_Example_: + program test_erfc + real(8) :: x = 0.17_8 + x = erfc(x) + end program test_erfc + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `DERFC(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ERFC_SCALED, Next: ETIME, Prev: ERFC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.73 `ERFC_SCALED' -- Error function +==================================== + +_Description_: + `ERFC_SCALED(X)' computes the exponentially-scaled complementary + error function of X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ERFC_SCALED(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `REAL' and of the same kind as X. + +_Example_: + program test_erfc_scaled + real(8) :: x = 0.17_8 + x = erfc_scaled(x) + end program test_erfc_scaled + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ETIME, Next: EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE, Prev: ERFC_SCALED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.74 `ETIME' -- Execution time subroutine (or function) +======================================================= + +_Description_: + `ETIME(VALUES, TIME)' returns the number of seconds of runtime + since the start of the process's execution in TIME. VALUES + returns the user and system components of this time in `VALUES(1)' + and `VALUES(2)' respectively. TIME is equal to `VALUES(1) + + VALUES(2)'. + + On some systems, the underlying timings are represented using + types with sufficiently small limits that overflows (wrap around) + are possible, such as 32-bit types. Therefore, the values returned + by this intrinsic might be, or become, negative, or numerically + less than previous values, during a single run of the compiled + program. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + + VALUES and TIME are `INTENT(OUT)' and provide the following: + + `VALUES(1)': User time in seconds. + `VALUES(2)': System time in seconds. + `TIME': Run time since start in seconds. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL ETIME(VALUES, TIME)'. + `TIME = ETIME(VALUES)', (not recommended). + +_Arguments_: + VALUES The type shall be `REAL(4), DIMENSION(2)'. + TIME The type shall be `REAL(4)'. + +_Return value_: + Elapsed time in seconds since the start of program execution. + +_Example_: + program test_etime + integer(8) :: i, j + real, dimension(2) :: tarray + real :: result + call ETIME(tarray, result) + print *, result + print *, tarray(1) + print *, tarray(2) + do i=1,100000000 ! Just a delay + j = i * i - i + end do + call ETIME(tarray, result) + print *, result + print *, tarray(1) + print *, tarray(2) + end program test_etime + +_See also_: + *note CPU_TIME:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE, Next: EXIT, Prev: ETIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.75 `EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE' -- Execute a shell command +====================================================== + +_Description_: + `EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE' runs a shell command, synchronously or + asynchronously. + + The `COMMAND' argument is passed to the shell and executed, using + the C library's `system' call. (The shell is `sh' on Unix + systems, and `cmd.exe' on Windows.) If `WAIT' is present and has + the value false, the execution of the command is asynchronous if + the system supports it; otherwise, the command is executed + synchronously. + + The three last arguments allow the user to get status information. + After synchronous execution, `EXITSTAT' contains the integer exit + code of the command, as returned by `system'. `CMDSTAT' is set to + zero if the command line was executed (whatever its exit status + was). `CMDMSG' is assigned an error message if an error has + occurred. + + Note that the `system' function need not be thread-safe. It is the + responsibility of the user to ensure that `system' is not called + concurrently. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE(COMMAND [, WAIT, EXITSTAT, CMDSTAT, + CMDMSG ])' + +_Arguments_: + COMMAND Shall be a default `CHARACTER' scalar. + WAIT (Optional) Shall be a default `LOGICAL' scalar. + EXITSTAT (Optional) Shall be an `INTEGER' of the + default kind. + CMDSTAT (Optional) Shall be an `INTEGER' of the + default kind. + CMDMSG (Optional) Shall be an `CHARACTER' scalar of + the default kind. + +_Example_: + program test_exec + integer :: i + + call execute_command_line ("external_prog.exe", exitstat=i) + print *, "Exit status of external_prog.exe was ", i + + call execute_command_line ("reindex_files.exe", wait=.false.) + print *, "Now reindexing files in the background" + + end program test_exec + +_Note_: + Because this intrinsic is implemented in terms of the `system' + function call, its behavior with respect to signaling is processor + dependent. In particular, on POSIX-compliant systems, the SIGINT + and SIGQUIT signals will be ignored, and the SIGCHLD will be + blocked. As such, if the parent process is terminated, the child + process might not be terminated alongside. + +_See also_: + *note SYSTEM:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: EXIT, Next: EXP, Prev: EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.76 `EXIT' -- Exit the program with status. +============================================ + +_Description_: + `EXIT' causes immediate termination of the program with status. + If status is omitted it returns the canonical _success_ for the + system. All Fortran I/O units are closed. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL EXIT([STATUS])' + +_Arguments_: + STATUS Shall be an `INTEGER' of the default kind. + +_Return value_: + `STATUS' is passed to the parent process on exit. + +_Example_: + program test_exit + integer :: STATUS = 0 + print *, 'This program is going to exit.' + call EXIT(STATUS) + end program test_exit + +_See also_: + *note ABORT::, *note KILL:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: EXP, Next: EXPONENT, Prev: EXIT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.77 `EXP' -- Exponential function +================================== + +_Description_: + `EXP(X)' computes the base e exponential of X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = EXP(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value has same type and kind as X. + +_Example_: + program test_exp + real :: x = 1.0 + x = exp(x) + end program test_exp + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `EXP(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and + later + `DEXP(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and + later + `CEXP(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' Fortran 77 and + X' later + `ZEXP(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension + X' + `CDEXP(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension + X' + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: EXPONENT, Next: EXTENDS_TYPE_OF, Prev: EXP, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.78 `EXPONENT' -- Exponent function +==================================== + +_Description_: + `EXPONENT(X)' returns the value of the exponent part of X. If X is + zero the value returned is zero. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = EXPONENT(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type default `INTEGER'. + +_Example_: + program test_exponent + real :: x = 1.0 + integer :: i + i = exponent(x) + print *, i + print *, exponent(0.0) + end program test_exponent + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: EXTENDS_TYPE_OF, Next: FDATE, Prev: EXPONENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.79 `EXTENDS_TYPE_OF' -- Query dynamic type for extension +=========================================================== + +_Description_: + Query dynamic type for extension. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = EXTENDS_TYPE_OF(A, MOLD)' + +_Arguments_: + A Shall be an object of extensible declared type + or unlimited polymorphic. + MOLD Shall be an object of extensible declared type + or unlimited polymorphic. + +_Return value_: + The return value is a scalar of type default logical. It is true + if and only if the dynamic type of A is an extension type of the + dynamic type of MOLD. + +_See also_: + *note SAME_TYPE_AS:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: FDATE, Next: FGET, Prev: EXTENDS_TYPE_OF, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.80 `FDATE' -- Get the current time as a string +================================================ + +_Description_: + `FDATE(DATE)' returns the current date (using the same format as + `CTIME') in DATE. It is equivalent to `CALL CTIME(DATE, TIME())'. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL FDATE(DATE)'. + `DATE = FDATE()'. + +_Arguments_: + DATE The type shall be of type `CHARACTER' of the + default kind. It is an `INTENT(OUT)' argument. + If the length of this variable is too short + for the date and time string to fit + completely, it will be blank on procedure + return. + +_Return value_: + The current date and time as a string. + +_Example_: + program test_fdate + integer(8) :: i, j + character(len=30) :: date + call fdate(date) + print *, 'Program started on ', date + do i = 1, 100000000 ! Just a delay + j = i * i - i + end do + call fdate(date) + print *, 'Program ended on ', date + end program test_fdate + +_See also_: + *note DATE_AND_TIME::, *note CTIME:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: FGET, Next: FGETC, Prev: FDATE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.81 `FGET' -- Read a single character in stream mode from stdin +================================================================ + +_Description_: + Read a single character in stream mode from stdin by bypassing + normal formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with + normal record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same + unit; the results are unpredictable. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + + Note that the `FGET' intrinsic is provided for backwards + compatibility with `g77'. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003 + Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new + stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also + *note Fortran 2003 status::. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL FGET(C [, STATUS])' + `STATUS = FGET(C)' + +_Arguments_: + C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default + kind. + STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'. + Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file, and a + system specific positive error code otherwise. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_fget + INTEGER, PARAMETER :: strlen = 100 + INTEGER :: status, i = 1 + CHARACTER(len=strlen) :: str = "" + + WRITE (*,*) 'Enter text:' + DO + CALL fget(str(i:i), status) + if (status /= 0 .OR. i > strlen) exit + i = i + 1 + END DO + WRITE (*,*) TRIM(str) + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note FGETC::, *note FPUT::, *note FPUTC:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: FGETC, Next: FLOOR, Prev: FGET, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.82 `FGETC' -- Read a single character in stream mode +====================================================== + +_Description_: + Read a single character in stream mode by bypassing normal + formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with normal + record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same unit; + the results are unpredictable. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + + Note that the `FGET' intrinsic is provided for backwards + compatibility with `g77'. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003 + Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new + stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also + *note Fortran 2003 status::. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL FGETC(UNIT, C [, STATUS])' + `STATUS = FGETC(UNIT, C)' + +_Arguments_: + UNIT The type shall be `INTEGER'. + C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default + kind. + STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'. + Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file and a + system specific positive error code otherwise. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_fgetc + INTEGER :: fd = 42, status + CHARACTER :: c + + OPEN(UNIT=fd, FILE="/etc/passwd", ACTION="READ", STATUS = "OLD") + DO + CALL fgetc(fd, c, status) + IF (status /= 0) EXIT + call fput(c) + END DO + CLOSE(UNIT=fd) + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note FGET::, *note FPUT::, *note FPUTC:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: FLOOR, Next: FLUSH, Prev: FGETC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.83 `FLOOR' -- Integer floor function +====================================== + +_Description_: + `FLOOR(A)' returns the greatest integer less than or equal to X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = FLOOR(A [, KIND])' + +_Arguments_: + A The type shall be `REAL'. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER(KIND)' if KIND is present and + of default-kind `INTEGER' otherwise. + +_Example_: + program test_floor + real :: x = 63.29 + real :: y = -63.59 + print *, floor(x) ! returns 63 + print *, floor(y) ! returns -64 + end program test_floor + +_See also_: + *note CEILING::, *note NINT:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: FLUSH, Next: FNUM, Prev: FLOOR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.84 `FLUSH' -- Flush I/O unit(s) +================================= + +_Description_: + Flushes Fortran unit(s) currently open for output. Without the + optional argument, all units are flushed, otherwise just the unit + specified. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL FLUSH(UNIT)' + +_Arguments_: + UNIT (Optional) The type shall be `INTEGER'. + +_Note_: + Beginning with the Fortran 2003 standard, there is a `FLUSH' + statement that should be preferred over the `FLUSH' intrinsic. + + The `FLUSH' intrinsic and the Fortran 2003 `FLUSH' statement have + identical effect: they flush the runtime library's I/O buffer so + that the data becomes visible to other processes. This does not + guarantee that the data is committed to disk. + + On POSIX systems, you can request that all data is transferred to + the storage device by calling the `fsync' function, with the POSIX + file descriptor of the I/O unit as argument (retrieved with GNU + intrinsic `FNUM'). The following example shows how: + + ! Declare the interface for POSIX fsync function + interface + function fsync (fd) bind(c,name="fsync") + use iso_c_binding, only: c_int + integer(c_int), value :: fd + integer(c_int) :: fsync + end function fsync + end interface + + ! Variable declaration + integer :: ret + + ! Opening unit 10 + open (10,file="foo") + + ! ... + ! Perform I/O on unit 10 + ! ... + + ! Flush and sync + flush(10) + ret = fsync(fnum(10)) + + ! Handle possible error + if (ret /= 0) stop "Error calling FSYNC" + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: FNUM, Next: FPUT, Prev: FLUSH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.85 `FNUM' -- File number function +=================================== + +_Description_: + `FNUM(UNIT)' returns the POSIX file descriptor number + corresponding to the open Fortran I/O unit `UNIT'. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = FNUM(UNIT)' + +_Arguments_: + UNIT The type shall be `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' + +_Example_: + program test_fnum + integer :: i + open (unit=10, status = "scratch") + i = fnum(10) + print *, i + close (10) + end program test_fnum + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: FPUT, Next: FPUTC, Prev: FNUM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.86 `FPUT' -- Write a single character in stream mode to stdout +================================================================ + +_Description_: + Write a single character in stream mode to stdout by bypassing + normal formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with + normal record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same + unit; the results are unpredictable. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + + Note that the `FGET' intrinsic is provided for backwards + compatibility with `g77'. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003 + Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new + stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also + *note Fortran 2003 status::. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL FPUT(C [, STATUS])' + `STATUS = FPUT(C)' + +_Arguments_: + C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default + kind. + STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'. + Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file and a + system specific positive error code otherwise. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_fput + CHARACTER(len=10) :: str = "gfortran" + INTEGER :: i + DO i = 1, len_trim(str) + CALL fput(str(i:i)) + END DO + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note FPUTC::, *note FGET::, *note FGETC:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: FPUTC, Next: FRACTION, Prev: FPUT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.87 `FPUTC' -- Write a single character in stream mode +======================================================= + +_Description_: + Write a single character in stream mode by bypassing normal + formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with normal + record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same unit; + the results are unpredictable. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + + Note that the `FGET' intrinsic is provided for backwards + compatibility with `g77'. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003 + Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new + stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also + *note Fortran 2003 status::. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL FPUTC(UNIT, C [, STATUS])' + `STATUS = FPUTC(UNIT, C)' + +_Arguments_: + UNIT The type shall be `INTEGER'. + C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default + kind. + STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'. + Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file and a + system specific positive error code otherwise. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_fputc + CHARACTER(len=10) :: str = "gfortran" + INTEGER :: fd = 42, i + + OPEN(UNIT = fd, FILE = "out", ACTION = "WRITE", STATUS="NEW") + DO i = 1, len_trim(str) + CALL fputc(fd, str(i:i)) + END DO + CLOSE(fd) + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note FPUT::, *note FGET::, *note FGETC:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: FRACTION, Next: FREE, Prev: FPUTC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.88 `FRACTION' -- Fractional part of the model representation +============================================================== + +_Description_: + `FRACTION(X)' returns the fractional part of the model + representation of `X'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `Y = FRACTION(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type of the argument shall be a `REAL'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of the same type and kind as the argument. + The fractional part of the model representation of `X' is returned; + it is `X * RADIX(X)**(-EXPONENT(X))'. + +_Example_: + program test_fraction + real :: x + x = 178.1387e-4 + print *, fraction(x), x * radix(x)**(-exponent(x)) + end program test_fraction + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: FREE, Next: FSEEK, Prev: FRACTION, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.89 `FREE' -- Frees memory +=========================== + +_Description_: + Frees memory previously allocated by `MALLOC'. The `FREE' + intrinsic is an extension intended to be used with Cray pointers, + and is provided in GNU Fortran to allow user to compile legacy + code. For new code using Fortran 95 pointers, the memory + de-allocation intrinsic is `DEALLOCATE'. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL FREE(PTR)' + +_Arguments_: + PTR The type shall be `INTEGER'. It represents the + location of the memory that should be + de-allocated. + +_Return value_: + None + +_Example_: + See `MALLOC' for an example. + +_See also_: + *note MALLOC:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: FSEEK, Next: FSTAT, Prev: FREE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.90 `FSEEK' -- Low level file positioning subroutine +===================================================== + +_Description_: + Moves UNIT to the specified OFFSET. If WHENCE is set to 0, the + OFFSET is taken as an absolute value `SEEK_SET', if set to 1, + OFFSET is taken to be relative to the current position `SEEK_CUR', + and if set to 2 relative to the end of the file `SEEK_END'. On + error, STATUS is set to a nonzero value. If STATUS the seek fails + silently. + + This intrinsic routine is not fully backwards compatible with + `g77'. In `g77', the `FSEEK' takes a statement label instead of a + STATUS variable. If FSEEK is used in old code, change + CALL FSEEK(UNIT, OFFSET, WHENCE, *label) + to + INTEGER :: status + CALL FSEEK(UNIT, OFFSET, WHENCE, status) + IF (status /= 0) GOTO label + + Please note that GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003 Stream + facility. Programmers should consider the use of new stream IO + feature in new code for future portability. See also *note Fortran + 2003 status::. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL FSEEK(UNIT, OFFSET, WHENCE[, STATUS])' + +_Arguments_: + UNIT Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'. + OFFSET Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'. + WHENCE Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'. Its + value shall be either 0, 1 or 2. + STATUS (Optional) shall be a scalar of type + `INTEGER(4)'. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_fseek + INTEGER, PARAMETER :: SEEK_SET = 0, SEEK_CUR = 1, SEEK_END = 2 + INTEGER :: fd, offset, ierr + + ierr = 0 + offset = 5 + fd = 10 + + OPEN(UNIT=fd, FILE="fseek.test") + CALL FSEEK(fd, offset, SEEK_SET, ierr) ! move to OFFSET + print *, FTELL(fd), ierr + + CALL FSEEK(fd, 0, SEEK_END, ierr) ! move to end + print *, FTELL(fd), ierr + + CALL FSEEK(fd, 0, SEEK_SET, ierr) ! move to beginning + print *, FTELL(fd), ierr + + CLOSE(UNIT=fd) + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note FTELL:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: FSTAT, Next: FTELL, Prev: FSEEK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.91 `FSTAT' -- Get file status +=============================== + +_Description_: + `FSTAT' is identical to *note STAT::, except that information + about an already opened file is obtained. + + The elements in `VALUES' are the same as described by *note STAT::. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL FSTAT(UNIT, VALUES [, STATUS])' + `STATUS = FSTAT(UNIT, VALUES)' + +_Arguments_: + UNIT An open I/O unit number of type `INTEGER'. + VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER(4), DIMENSION(13)'. + STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER(4)'. + Returns 0 on success and a system specific + error code otherwise. + +_Example_: + See *note STAT:: for an example. + +_See also_: + To stat a link: *note LSTAT::, to stat a file: *note STAT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: FTELL, Next: GAMMA, Prev: FSTAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.92 `FTELL' -- Current stream position +======================================= + +_Description_: + Retrieves the current position within an open file. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL FTELL(UNIT, OFFSET)' + `OFFSET = FTELL(UNIT)' + +_Arguments_: + OFFSET Shall of type `INTEGER'. + UNIT Shall of type `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + In either syntax, OFFSET is set to the current offset of unit + number UNIT, or to -1 if the unit is not currently open. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_ftell + INTEGER :: i + OPEN(10, FILE="temp.dat") + CALL ftell(10,i) + WRITE(*,*) i + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note FSEEK:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GAMMA, Next: GERROR, Prev: FTELL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.93 `GAMMA' -- Gamma function +============================== + +_Description_: + `GAMMA(X)' computes Gamma (\Gamma) of X. For positive, integer + values of X the Gamma function simplifies to the factorial + function \Gamma(x)=(x-1)!. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `X = GAMMA(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X Shall be of type `REAL' and neither zero nor a + negative integer. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `REAL' of the same kind as X. + +_Example_: + program test_gamma + real :: x = 1.0 + x = gamma(x) ! returns 1.0 + end program test_gamma + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `GAMMA(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' GNU Extension + `DGAMMA(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU Extension + +_See also_: + Logarithm of the Gamma function: *note LOG_GAMMA:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GERROR, Next: GETARG, Prev: GAMMA, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.94 `GERROR' -- Get last system error message +============================================== + +_Description_: + Returns the system error message corresponding to the last system + error. This resembles the functionality of `strerror(3)' in C. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL GERROR(RESULT)' + +_Arguments_: + RESULT Shall of type `CHARACTER' and of default + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_gerror + CHARACTER(len=100) :: msg + CALL gerror(msg) + WRITE(*,*) msg + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note IERRNO::, *note PERROR:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GETARG, Next: GET_COMMAND, Prev: GERROR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.95 `GETARG' -- Get command line arguments +=========================================== + +_Description_: + Retrieve the POS-th argument that was passed on the command line + when the containing program was invoked. + + This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with + GNU Fortran 77. In new code, programmers should consider the use + of the *note GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT:: intrinsic defined by the + Fortran 2003 standard. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL GETARG(POS, VALUE)' + +_Arguments_: + POS Shall be of type `INTEGER' and not wider than + the default integer kind; POS \geq 0 + VALUE Shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of default + kind. + VALUE Shall be of type `CHARACTER'. + +_Return value_: + After `GETARG' returns, the VALUE argument holds the POSth command + line argument. If VALUE can not hold the argument, it is truncated + to fit the length of VALUE. If there are less than POS arguments + specified at the command line, VALUE will be filled with blanks. + If POS = 0, VALUE is set to the name of the program (on systems + that support this feature). + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_getarg + INTEGER :: i + CHARACTER(len=32) :: arg + + DO i = 1, iargc() + CALL getarg(i, arg) + WRITE (*,*) arg + END DO + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + GNU Fortran 77 compatibility function: *note IARGC:: + + Fortran 2003 functions and subroutines: *note GET_COMMAND::, *note + GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT::, *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GET_COMMAND, Next: GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT, Prev: GETARG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.96 `GET_COMMAND' -- Get the entire command line +================================================= + +_Description_: + Retrieve the entire command line that was used to invoke the + program. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL GET_COMMAND([COMMAND, LENGTH, STATUS])' + +_Arguments_: + COMMAND (Optional) shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of + default kind. + LENGTH (Optional) Shall be of type `INTEGER' and of + default kind. + STATUS (Optional) Shall be of type `INTEGER' and of + default kind. + +_Return value_: + If COMMAND is present, stores the entire command line that was used + to invoke the program in COMMAND. If LENGTH is present, it is + assigned the length of the command line. If STATUS is present, it + is assigned 0 upon success of the command, -1 if COMMAND is too + short to store the command line, or a positive value in case of an + error. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_get_command + CHARACTER(len=255) :: cmd + CALL get_command(cmd) + WRITE (*,*) TRIM(cmd) + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT::, *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT, Next: GETCWD, Prev: GET_COMMAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.97 `GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT' -- Get command line arguments +========================================================= + +_Description_: + Retrieve the NUMBER-th argument that was passed on the command + line when the containing program was invoked. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT(NUMBER [, VALUE, LENGTH, STATUS])' + +_Arguments_: + NUMBER Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of + default kind, NUMBER \geq 0 + VALUE (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type + `CHARACTER' and of default kind. + LENGTH (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' + and of default kind. + STATUS (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' + and of default kind. + +_Return value_: + After `GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT' returns, the VALUE argument holds the + NUMBER-th command line argument. If VALUE can not hold the + argument, it is truncated to fit the length of VALUE. If there are + less than NUMBER arguments specified at the command line, VALUE + will be filled with blanks. If NUMBER = 0, VALUE is set to the + name of the program (on systems that support this feature). The + LENGTH argument contains the length of the NUMBER-th command line + argument. If the argument retrieval fails, STATUS is a positive + number; if VALUE contains a truncated command line argument, + STATUS is -1; and otherwise the STATUS is zero. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_get_command_argument + INTEGER :: i + CHARACTER(len=32) :: arg + + i = 0 + DO + CALL get_command_argument(i, arg) + IF (LEN_TRIM(arg) == 0) EXIT + + WRITE (*,*) TRIM(arg) + i = i+1 + END DO + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note GET_COMMAND::, *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GETCWD, Next: GETENV, Prev: GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.98 `GETCWD' -- Get current working directory +============================================== + +_Description_: + Get current working directory. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL GETCWD(C [, STATUS])' + `STATUS = GETCWD(C)' + +_Arguments_: + C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default + kind. + STATUS (Optional) status flag. Returns 0 on success, + a system specific and nonzero error code + otherwise. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_getcwd + CHARACTER(len=255) :: cwd + CALL getcwd(cwd) + WRITE(*,*) TRIM(cwd) + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note CHDIR:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GETENV, Next: GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE, Prev: GETCWD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.99 `GETENV' -- Get an environmental variable +============================================== + +_Description_: + Get the VALUE of the environmental variable NAME. + + This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with + GNU Fortran 77. In new code, programmers should consider the use + of the *note GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE:: intrinsic defined by the + Fortran 2003 standard. + + Note that `GETENV' need not be thread-safe. It is the + responsibility of the user to ensure that the environment is not + being updated concurrently with a call to the `GETENV' intrinsic. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL GETENV(NAME, VALUE)' + +_Arguments_: + NAME Shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of default + kind. + VALUE Shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of default + kind. + +_Return value_: + Stores the value of NAME in VALUE. If VALUE is not large enough to + hold the data, it is truncated. If NAME is not set, VALUE will be + filled with blanks. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_getenv + CHARACTER(len=255) :: homedir + CALL getenv("HOME", homedir) + WRITE (*,*) TRIM(homedir) + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE, Next: GETGID, Prev: GETENV, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.100 `GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE' -- Get an environmental variable +================================================================= + +_Description_: + Get the VALUE of the environmental variable NAME. + + Note that `GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE' need not be thread-safe. It + is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the environment is + not being updated concurrently with a call to the + `GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE' intrinsic. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE(NAME[, VALUE, LENGTH, STATUS, + TRIM_NAME)' + +_Arguments_: + NAME Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER' and of + default kind. + VALUE (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type + `CHARACTER' and of default kind. + LENGTH (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' + and of default kind. + STATUS (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' + and of default kind. + TRIM_NAME (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `LOGICAL' + and of default kind. + +_Return value_: + Stores the value of NAME in VALUE. If VALUE is not large enough to + hold the data, it is truncated. If NAME is not set, VALUE will be + filled with blanks. Argument LENGTH contains the length needed for + storing the environment variable NAME or zero if it is not + present. STATUS is -1 if VALUE is present but too short for the + environment variable; it is 1 if the environment variable does not + exist and 2 if the processor does not support environment + variables; in all other cases STATUS is zero. If TRIM_NAME is + present with the value `.FALSE.', the trailing blanks in NAME are + significant; otherwise they are not part of the environment + variable name. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_getenv + CHARACTER(len=255) :: homedir + CALL get_environment_variable("HOME", homedir) + WRITE (*,*) TRIM(homedir) + END PROGRAM + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GETGID, Next: GETLOG, Prev: GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.101 `GETGID' -- Group ID function +=================================== + +_Description_: + Returns the numerical group ID of the current process. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = GETGID()' + +_Return value_: + The return value of `GETGID' is an `INTEGER' of the default kind. + +_Example_: + See `GETPID' for an example. + +_See also_: + *note GETPID::, *note GETUID:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GETLOG, Next: GETPID, Prev: GETGID, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.102 `GETLOG' -- Get login name +================================ + +_Description_: + Gets the username under which the program is running. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL GETLOG(C)' + +_Arguments_: + C Shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of default + kind. + +_Return value_: + Stores the current user name in LOGIN. (On systems where POSIX + functions `geteuid' and `getpwuid' are not available, and the + `getlogin' function is not implemented either, this will return a + blank string.) + +_Example_: + PROGRAM TEST_GETLOG + CHARACTER(32) :: login + CALL GETLOG(login) + WRITE(*,*) login + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note GETUID:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GETPID, Next: GETUID, Prev: GETLOG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.103 `GETPID' -- Process ID function +===================================== + +_Description_: + Returns the numerical process identifier of the current process. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = GETPID()' + +_Return value_: + The return value of `GETPID' is an `INTEGER' of the default kind. + +_Example_: + program info + print *, "The current process ID is ", getpid() + print *, "Your numerical user ID is ", getuid() + print *, "Your numerical group ID is ", getgid() + end program info + +_See also_: + *note GETGID::, *note GETUID:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GETUID, Next: GMTIME, Prev: GETPID, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.104 `GETUID' -- User ID function +================================== + +_Description_: + Returns the numerical user ID of the current process. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = GETUID()' + +_Return value_: + The return value of `GETUID' is an `INTEGER' of the default kind. + +_Example_: + See `GETPID' for an example. + +_See also_: + *note GETPID::, *note GETLOG:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GMTIME, Next: HOSTNM, Prev: GETUID, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.105 `GMTIME' -- Convert time to GMT info +========================================== + +_Description_: + Given a system time value TIME (as provided by the `TIME8' + intrinsic), fills VALUES with values extracted from it appropriate + to the UTC time zone (Universal Coordinated Time, also known in + some countries as GMT, Greenwich Mean Time), using `gmtime(3)'. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL GMTIME(TIME, VALUES)' + +_Arguments_: + TIME An `INTEGER' scalar expression corresponding + to a system time, with `INTENT(IN)'. + VALUES A default `INTEGER' array with 9 elements, + with `INTENT(OUT)'. + +_Return value_: + The elements of VALUES are assigned as follows: + 1. Seconds after the minute, range 0-59 or 0-61 to allow for leap + seconds + + 2. Minutes after the hour, range 0-59 + + 3. Hours past midnight, range 0-23 + + 4. Day of month, range 0-31 + + 5. Number of months since January, range 0-12 + + 6. Years since 1900 + + 7. Number of days since Sunday, range 0-6 + + 8. Days since January 1 + + 9. Daylight savings indicator: positive if daylight savings is in + effect, zero if not, and negative if the information is not + available. + +_See also_: + *note CTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note TIME::, *note TIME8:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: HOSTNM, Next: HUGE, Prev: GMTIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.106 `HOSTNM' -- Get system host name +====================================== + +_Description_: + Retrieves the host name of the system on which the program is + running. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL HOSTNM(C [, STATUS])' + `STATUS = HOSTNM(NAME)' + +_Arguments_: + C Shall of type `CHARACTER' and of default kind. + STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'. + Returns 0 on success, or a system specific + error code otherwise. + +_Return value_: + In either syntax, NAME is set to the current hostname if it can be + obtained, or to a blank string otherwise. + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: HUGE, Next: HYPOT, Prev: HOSTNM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.107 `HUGE' -- Largest number of a kind +======================================== + +_Description_: + `HUGE(X)' returns the largest number that is not an infinity in + the model of the type of `X'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = HUGE(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X Shall be of type `REAL' or `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of the same type and kind as X + +_Example_: + program test_huge_tiny + print *, huge(0), huge(0.0), huge(0.0d0) + print *, tiny(0.0), tiny(0.0d0) + end program test_huge_tiny + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: HYPOT, Next: IACHAR, Prev: HUGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.108 `HYPOT' -- Euclidean distance function +============================================ + +_Description_: + `HYPOT(X,Y)' is the Euclidean distance function. It is equal to + \sqrtX^2 + Y^2, without undue underflow or overflow. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = HYPOT(X, Y)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL'. + Y The type and kind type parameter shall be the + same as X. + +_Return value_: + The return value has the same type and kind type parameter as X. + +_Example_: + program test_hypot + real(4) :: x = 1.e0_4, y = 0.5e0_4 + x = hypot(x,y) + end program test_hypot + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: IACHAR, Next: IALL, Prev: HYPOT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.109 `IACHAR' -- Code in ASCII collating sequence +================================================== + +_Description_: + `IACHAR(C)' returns the code for the ASCII character in the first + character position of `C'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = IACHAR(C [, KIND])' + +_Arguments_: + C Shall be a scalar `CHARACTER', with + `INTENT(IN)' + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is + absent, the return value is of default integer kind. + +_Example_: + program test_iachar + integer i + i = iachar(' ') + end program test_iachar + +_Note_: + See *note ICHAR:: for a discussion of converting between numerical + values and formatted string representations. + +_See also_: + *note ACHAR::, *note CHAR::, *note ICHAR:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: IALL, Next: IAND, Prev: IACHAR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.110 `IALL' -- Bitwise AND of array elements +============================================= + +_Description_: + Reduces with bitwise AND the elements of ARRAY along dimension DIM + if the corresponding element in MASK is `TRUE'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = IALL(ARRAY[, MASK])' + `RESULT = IALL(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK])' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' + DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' + with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n + equals the rank of ARRAY. + MASK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL' and + either be a scalar or an array of the same + shape as ARRAY. + +_Return value_: + The result is of the same type as ARRAY. + + If DIM is absent, a scalar with the bitwise ALL of all elements in + ARRAY is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals + the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with + dimension DIM dropped is returned. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_iall + INTEGER(1) :: a(2) + + a(1) = b'00100100' + a(2) = b'01101010' + + ! prints 00100000 + PRINT '(b8.8)', IALL(a) + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note IANY::, *note IPARITY::, *note IAND:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: IAND, Next: IANY, Prev: IALL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.111 `IAND' -- Bitwise logical and +=================================== + +_Description_: + Bitwise logical `AND'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = IAND(I, J)' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be `INTEGER'. + J The type shall be `INTEGER', of the same kind + as I. (As a GNU extension, different kinds + are also permitted.) + +_Return value_: + The return type is `INTEGER', of the same kind as the arguments. + (If the argument kinds differ, it is of the same kind as the + larger argument.) + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_iand + INTEGER :: a, b + DATA a / Z'F' /, b / Z'3' / + WRITE (*,*) IAND(a, b) + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note IOR::, *note IEOR::, *note IBITS::, *note IBSET::, *note + IBCLR::, *note NOT:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: IANY, Next: IARGC, Prev: IAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.112 `IANY' -- Bitwise OR of array elements +============================================ + +_Description_: + Reduces with bitwise OR (inclusive or) the elements of ARRAY along + dimension DIM if the corresponding element in MASK is `TRUE'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = IANY(ARRAY[, MASK])' + `RESULT = IANY(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK])' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' + DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' + with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n + equals the rank of ARRAY. + MASK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL' and + either be a scalar or an array of the same + shape as ARRAY. + +_Return value_: + The result is of the same type as ARRAY. + + If DIM is absent, a scalar with the bitwise OR of all elements in + ARRAY is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals + the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with + dimension DIM dropped is returned. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_iany + INTEGER(1) :: a(2) + + a(1) = b'00100100' + a(2) = b'01101010' + + ! prints 01101110 + PRINT '(b8.8)', IANY(a) + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note IPARITY::, *note IALL::, *note IOR:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: IARGC, Next: IBCLR, Prev: IANY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.113 `IARGC' -- Get the number of command line arguments +========================================================= + +_Description_: + `IARGC' returns the number of arguments passed on the command line + when the containing program was invoked. + + This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with + GNU Fortran 77. In new code, programmers should consider the use + of the *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT:: intrinsic defined by the + Fortran 2003 standard. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = IARGC()' + +_Arguments_: + None. + +_Return value_: + The number of command line arguments, type `INTEGER(4)'. + +_Example_: + See *note GETARG:: + +_See also_: + GNU Fortran 77 compatibility subroutine: *note GETARG:: + + Fortran 2003 functions and subroutines: *note GET_COMMAND::, *note + GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT::, *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: IBCLR, Next: IBITS, Prev: IARGC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.114 `IBCLR' -- Clear bit +========================== + +_Description_: + `IBCLR' returns the value of I with the bit at position POS set to + zero. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = IBCLR(I, POS)' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be `INTEGER'. + POS The type shall be `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. + +_See also_: + *note IBITS::, *note IBSET::, *note IAND::, *note IOR::, *note + IEOR::, *note MVBITS:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: IBITS, Next: IBSET, Prev: IBCLR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.115 `IBITS' -- Bit extraction +=============================== + +_Description_: + `IBITS' extracts a field of length LEN from I, starting from bit + position POS and extending left for LEN bits. The result is + right-justified and the remaining bits are zeroed. The value of + `POS+LEN' must be less than or equal to the value `BIT_SIZE(I)'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = IBITS(I, POS, LEN)' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be `INTEGER'. + POS The type shall be `INTEGER'. + LEN The type shall be `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. + +_See also_: + *note BIT_SIZE::, *note IBCLR::, *note IBSET::, *note IAND::, + *note IOR::, *note IEOR:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: IBSET, Next: ICHAR, Prev: IBITS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.116 `IBSET' -- Set bit +======================== + +_Description_: + `IBSET' returns the value of I with the bit at position POS set to + one. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = IBSET(I, POS)' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be `INTEGER'. + POS The type shall be `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. + +_See also_: + *note IBCLR::, *note IBITS::, *note IAND::, *note IOR::, *note + IEOR::, *note MVBITS:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ICHAR, Next: IDATE, Prev: IBSET, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.117 `ICHAR' -- Character-to-integer conversion function +========================================================= + +_Description_: + `ICHAR(C)' returns the code for the character in the first + character position of `C' in the system's native character set. + The correspondence between characters and their codes is not + necessarily the same across different GNU Fortran implementations. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ICHAR(C [, KIND])' + +_Arguments_: + C Shall be a scalar `CHARACTER', with + `INTENT(IN)' + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is + absent, the return value is of default integer kind. + +_Example_: + program test_ichar + integer i + i = ichar(' ') + end program test_ichar + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `ICHAR(C)' `CHARACTER `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and + C' later + +_Note_: + No intrinsic exists to convert between a numeric value and a + formatted character string representation - for instance, given the + `CHARACTER' value `'154'', obtaining an `INTEGER' or `REAL' value + with the value 154, or vice versa. Instead, this functionality is + provided by internal-file I/O, as in the following example: + program read_val + integer value + character(len=10) string, string2 + string = '154' + + ! Convert a string to a numeric value + read (string,'(I10)') value + print *, value + + ! Convert a value to a formatted string + write (string2,'(I10)') value + print *, string2 + end program read_val + +_See also_: + *note ACHAR::, *note CHAR::, *note IACHAR:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: IDATE, Next: IEOR, Prev: ICHAR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.118 `IDATE' -- Get current local time subroutine (day/month/year) +=================================================================== + +_Description_: + `IDATE(VALUES)' Fills VALUES with the numerical values at the + current local time. The day (in the range 1-31), month (in the + range 1-12), and year appear in elements 1, 2, and 3 of VALUES, + respectively. The year has four significant digits. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL IDATE(VALUES)' + +_Arguments_: + VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER, DIMENSION(3)' and + the kind shall be the default integer kind. + +_Return value_: + Does not return anything. + +_Example_: + program test_idate + integer, dimension(3) :: tarray + call idate(tarray) + print *, tarray(1) + print *, tarray(2) + print *, tarray(3) + end program test_idate + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: IEOR, Next: IERRNO, Prev: IDATE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.119 `IEOR' -- Bitwise logical exclusive or +============================================ + +_Description_: + `IEOR' returns the bitwise Boolean exclusive-OR of I and J. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = IEOR(I, J)' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be `INTEGER'. + J The type shall be `INTEGER', of the same kind + as I. (As a GNU extension, different kinds + are also permitted.) + +_Return value_: + The return type is `INTEGER', of the same kind as the arguments. + (If the argument kinds differ, it is of the same kind as the + larger argument.) + +_See also_: + *note IOR::, *note IAND::, *note IBITS::, *note IBSET::, *note + IBCLR::, *note NOT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: IERRNO, Next: IMAGE_INDEX, Prev: IEOR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.120 `IERRNO' -- Get the last system error number +================================================== + +_Description_: + Returns the last system error number, as given by the C `errno' + variable. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = IERRNO()' + +_Arguments_: + None. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer + kind. + +_See also_: + *note PERROR:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: IMAGE_INDEX, Next: INDEX intrinsic, Prev: IERRNO, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.121 `IMAGE_INDEX' -- Function that converts a cosubscript to an image index +============================================================================= + +_Description_: + Returns the image index belonging to a cosubscript. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function. + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = IMAGE_INDEX(COARRAY, SUB)' + +_Arguments_: None. + COARRAY Coarray of any type. + SUB default integer rank-1 array of a size equal to + the corank of COARRAY. + +_Return value_: + Scalar default integer with the value of the image index which + corresponds to the cosubscripts. For invalid cosubscripts the + result is zero. + +_Example_: + INTEGER :: array[2,-1:4,8,*] + ! Writes 28 (or 0 if there are fewer than 28 images) + WRITE (*,*) IMAGE_INDEX (array, [2,0,3,1]) + +_See also_: + *note THIS_IMAGE::, *note NUM_IMAGES:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: INDEX intrinsic, Next: INT, Prev: IMAGE_INDEX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.122 `INDEX' -- Position of a substring within a string +======================================================== + +_Description_: + Returns the position of the start of the first occurrence of string + SUBSTRING as a substring in STRING, counting from one. If + SUBSTRING is not present in STRING, zero is returned. If the BACK + argument is present and true, the return value is the start of the + last occurrence rather than the first. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = INDEX(STRING, SUBSTRING [, BACK [, KIND]])' + +_Arguments_: + STRING Shall be a scalar `CHARACTER', with + `INTENT(IN)' + SUBSTRING Shall be a scalar `CHARACTER', with + `INTENT(IN)' + BACK (Optional) Shall be a scalar `LOGICAL', with + `INTENT(IN)' + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is + absent, the return value is of default integer kind. + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `INDEX(STRING,`CHARACTER' `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and + SUBSTRING)' later + +_See also_: + *note SCAN::, *note VERIFY:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: INT, Next: INT2, Prev: INDEX intrinsic, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.123 `INT' -- Convert to integer type +====================================== + +_Description_: + Convert to integer type + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = INT(A [, KIND))' + +_Arguments_: + A Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL', or + `COMPLEX'. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + These functions return a `INTEGER' variable or array under the + following rules: + + (A) + If A is of type `INTEGER', `INT(A) = A' + + (B) + If A is of type `REAL' and |A| < 1, `INT(A)' equals `0'. If + |A| \geq 1, then `INT(A)' equals the largest integer that + does not exceed the range of A and whose sign is the same as + the sign of A. + + (C) + If A is of type `COMPLEX', rule B is applied to the real part + of A. + +_Example_: + program test_int + integer :: i = 42 + complex :: z = (-3.7, 1.0) + print *, int(i) + print *, int(z), int(z,8) + end program + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `INT(A)' `REAL(4) A' `INTEGER' Fortran 77 and + later + `IFIX(A)' `REAL(4) A' `INTEGER' Fortran 77 and + later + `IDINT(A)' `REAL(8) A' `INTEGER' Fortran 77 and + later + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: INT2, Next: INT8, Prev: INT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.124 `INT2' -- Convert to 16-bit integer type +============================================== + +_Description_: + Convert to a `KIND=2' integer type. This is equivalent to the + standard `INT' intrinsic with an optional argument of `KIND=2', + and is only included for backwards compatibility. + + The `SHORT' intrinsic is equivalent to `INT2'. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = INT2(A)' + +_Arguments_: + A Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL', or + `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is a `INTEGER(2)' variable. + +_See also_: + *note INT::, *note INT8::, *note LONG:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: INT8, Next: IOR, Prev: INT2, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.125 `INT8' -- Convert to 64-bit integer type +============================================== + +_Description_: + Convert to a `KIND=8' integer type. This is equivalent to the + standard `INT' intrinsic with an optional argument of `KIND=8', + and is only included for backwards compatibility. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = INT8(A)' + +_Arguments_: + A Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL', or + `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is a `INTEGER(8)' variable. + +_See also_: + *note INT::, *note INT2::, *note LONG:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: IOR, Next: IPARITY, Prev: INT8, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.126 `IOR' -- Bitwise logical or +================================= + +_Description_: + `IOR' returns the bitwise Boolean inclusive-OR of I and J. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = IOR(I, J)' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be `INTEGER'. + J The type shall be `INTEGER', of the same kind + as I. (As a GNU extension, different kinds + are also permitted.) + +_Return value_: + The return type is `INTEGER', of the same kind as the arguments. + (If the argument kinds differ, it is of the same kind as the + larger argument.) + +_See also_: + *note IEOR::, *note IAND::, *note IBITS::, *note IBSET::, *note + IBCLR::, *note NOT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: IPARITY, Next: IRAND, Prev: IOR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.127 `IPARITY' -- Bitwise XOR of array elements +================================================ + +_Description_: + Reduces with bitwise XOR (exclusive or) the elements of ARRAY along + dimension DIM if the corresponding element in MASK is `TRUE'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = IPARITY(ARRAY[, MASK])' + `RESULT = IPARITY(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK])' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' + DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' + with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n + equals the rank of ARRAY. + MASK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL' and + either be a scalar or an array of the same + shape as ARRAY. + +_Return value_: + The result is of the same type as ARRAY. + + If DIM is absent, a scalar with the bitwise XOR of all elements in + ARRAY is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals + the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with + dimension DIM dropped is returned. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_iparity + INTEGER(1) :: a(2) + + a(1) = b'00100100' + a(2) = b'01101010' + + ! prints 01001110 + PRINT '(b8.8)', IPARITY(a) + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note IANY::, *note IALL::, *note IEOR::, *note PARITY:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: IRAND, Next: IS_IOSTAT_END, Prev: IPARITY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.128 `IRAND' -- Integer pseudo-random number +============================================= + +_Description_: + `IRAND(FLAG)' returns a pseudo-random number from a uniform + distribution between 0 and a system-dependent limit (which is in + most cases 2147483647). If FLAG is 0, the next number in the + current sequence is returned; if FLAG is 1, the generator is + restarted by `CALL SRAND(0)'; if FLAG has any other value, it is + used as a new seed with `SRAND'. + + This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with + GNU Fortran 77. It implements a simple modulo generator as provided + by `g77'. For new code, one should consider the use of *note + RANDOM_NUMBER:: as it implements a superior algorithm. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = IRAND(I)' + +_Arguments_: + I Shall be a scalar `INTEGER' of kind 4. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of `INTEGER(kind=4)' type. + +_Example_: + program test_irand + integer,parameter :: seed = 86456 + + call srand(seed) + print *, irand(), irand(), irand(), irand() + print *, irand(seed), irand(), irand(), irand() + end program test_irand + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: IS_IOSTAT_END, Next: IS_IOSTAT_EOR, Prev: IRAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.129 `IS_IOSTAT_END' -- Test for end-of-file value +=================================================== + +_Description_: + `IS_IOSTAT_END' tests whether an variable has the value of the I/O + status "end of file". The function is equivalent to comparing the + variable with the `IOSTAT_END' parameter of the intrinsic module + `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = IS_IOSTAT_END(I)' + +_Arguments_: + I Shall be of the type `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + Returns a `LOGICAL' of the default kind, which `.TRUE.' if I has + the value which indicates an end of file condition for `IOSTAT=' + specifiers, and is `.FALSE.' otherwise. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM iostat + IMPLICIT NONE + INTEGER :: stat, i + OPEN(88, FILE='test.dat') + READ(88, *, IOSTAT=stat) i + IF(IS_IOSTAT_END(stat)) STOP 'END OF FILE' + END PROGRAM + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: IS_IOSTAT_EOR, Next: ISATTY, Prev: IS_IOSTAT_END, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.130 `IS_IOSTAT_EOR' -- Test for end-of-record value +===================================================== + +_Description_: + `IS_IOSTAT_EOR' tests whether an variable has the value of the I/O + status "end of record". The function is equivalent to comparing the + variable with the `IOSTAT_EOR' parameter of the intrinsic module + `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = IS_IOSTAT_EOR(I)' + +_Arguments_: + I Shall be of the type `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + Returns a `LOGICAL' of the default kind, which `.TRUE.' if I has + the value which indicates an end of file condition for `IOSTAT=' + specifiers, and is `.FALSE.' otherwise. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM iostat + IMPLICIT NONE + INTEGER :: stat, i(50) + OPEN(88, FILE='test.dat', FORM='UNFORMATTED') + READ(88, IOSTAT=stat) i + IF(IS_IOSTAT_EOR(stat)) STOP 'END OF RECORD' + END PROGRAM + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ISATTY, Next: ISHFT, Prev: IS_IOSTAT_EOR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.131 `ISATTY' -- Whether a unit is a terminal device. +====================================================== + +_Description_: + Determine whether a unit is connected to a terminal device. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ISATTY(UNIT)' + +_Arguments_: + UNIT Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + Returns `.TRUE.' if the UNIT is connected to a terminal device, + `.FALSE.' otherwise. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_isatty + INTEGER(kind=1) :: unit + DO unit = 1, 10 + write(*,*) isatty(unit=unit) + END DO + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note TTYNAM:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ISHFT, Next: ISHFTC, Prev: ISATTY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.132 `ISHFT' -- Shift bits +=========================== + +_Description_: + `ISHFT' returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits + shifted SHIFT places. A value of SHIFT greater than zero + corresponds to a left shift, a value of zero corresponds to no + shift, and a value less than zero corresponds to a right shift. + If the absolute value of SHIFT is greater than `BIT_SIZE(I)', the + value is undefined. Bits shifted out from the left end or right + end are lost; zeros are shifted in from the opposite end. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ISHFT(I, SHIFT)' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be `INTEGER'. + SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. + +_See also_: + *note ISHFTC:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ISHFTC, Next: ISNAN, Prev: ISHFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.133 `ISHFTC' -- Shift bits circularly +======================================= + +_Description_: + `ISHFTC' returns a value corresponding to I with the rightmost + SIZE bits shifted circularly SHIFT places; that is, bits shifted + out one end are shifted into the opposite end. A value of SHIFT + greater than zero corresponds to a left shift, a value of zero + corresponds to no shift, and a value less than zero corresponds to + a right shift. The absolute value of SHIFT must be less than + SIZE. If the SIZE argument is omitted, it is taken to be + equivalent to `BIT_SIZE(I)'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = ISHFTC(I, SHIFT [, SIZE])' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be `INTEGER'. + SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'. + SIZE (Optional) The type shall be `INTEGER'; the + value must be greater than zero and less than + or equal to `BIT_SIZE(I)'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. + +_See also_: + *note ISHFT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ISNAN, Next: ITIME, Prev: ISHFTC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.134 `ISNAN' -- Test for a NaN +=============================== + +_Description_: + `ISNAN' tests whether a floating-point value is an IEEE + Not-a-Number (NaN). + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `ISNAN(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X Variable of the type `REAL'. + +_Return value_: + Returns a default-kind `LOGICAL'. The returned value is `TRUE' if + X is a NaN and `FALSE' otherwise. + +_Example_: + program test_nan + implicit none + real :: x + x = -1.0 + x = sqrt(x) + if (isnan(x)) stop '"x" is a NaN' + end program test_nan + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ITIME, Next: KILL, Prev: ISNAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.135 `ITIME' -- Get current local time subroutine (hour/minutes/seconds) +========================================================================= + +_Description_: + `IDATE(VALUES)' Fills VALUES with the numerical values at the + current local time. The hour (in the range 1-24), minute (in the + range 1-60), and seconds (in the range 1-60) appear in elements 1, + 2, and 3 of VALUES, respectively. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL ITIME(VALUES)' + +_Arguments_: + VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER, DIMENSION(3)' and + the kind shall be the default integer kind. + +_Return value_: + Does not return anything. + +_Example_: + program test_itime + integer, dimension(3) :: tarray + call itime(tarray) + print *, tarray(1) + print *, tarray(2) + print *, tarray(3) + end program test_itime + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: KILL, Next: KIND, Prev: ITIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.136 `KILL' -- Send a signal to a process +========================================== + +_Description_: + +_Standard_: + Sends the signal specified by SIGNAL to the process PID. See + `kill(2)'. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL KILL(C, VALUE [, STATUS])' + `STATUS = KILL(C, VALUE)' + +_Arguments_: + C Shall be a scalar `INTEGER', with `INTENT(IN)' + VALUE Shall be a scalar `INTEGER', with `INTENT(IN)' + STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER(4)' or + `INTEGER(8)'. Returns 0 on success, or a + system-specific error code otherwise. + +_See also_: + *note ABORT::, *note EXIT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: KIND, Next: LBOUND, Prev: KILL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.137 `KIND' -- Kind of an entity +================================= + +_Description_: + `KIND(X)' returns the kind value of the entity X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `K = KIND(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X Shall be of type `LOGICAL', `INTEGER', `REAL', + `COMPLEX' or `CHARACTER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of the default + integer kind. + +_Example_: + program test_kind + integer,parameter :: kc = kind(' ') + integer,parameter :: kl = kind(.true.) + + print *, "The default character kind is ", kc + print *, "The default logical kind is ", kl + end program test_kind + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LBOUND, Next: LCOBOUND, Prev: KIND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.138 `LBOUND' -- Lower dimension bounds of an array +==================================================== + +_Description_: + Returns the lower bounds of an array, or a single lower bound + along the DIM dimension. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = LBOUND(ARRAY [, DIM [, KIND]])' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY Shall be an array, of any type. + DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is + absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is + absent, the result is an array of the lower bounds of ARRAY. If + DIM is present, the result is a scalar corresponding to the lower + bound of the array along that dimension. If ARRAY is an + expression rather than a whole array or array structure component, + or if it has a zero extent along the relevant dimension, the lower + bound is taken to be 1. + +_See also_: + *note UBOUND::, *note LCOBOUND:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LCOBOUND, Next: LEADZ, Prev: LBOUND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.139 `LCOBOUND' -- Lower codimension bounds of an array +======================================================== + +_Description_: + Returns the lower bounds of a coarray, or a single lower cobound + along the DIM codimension. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = LCOBOUND(COARRAY [, DIM [, KIND]])' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY Shall be an coarray, of any type. + DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is + absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is + absent, the result is an array of the lower cobounds of COARRAY. + If DIM is present, the result is a scalar corresponding to the + lower cobound of the array along that codimension. + +_See also_: + *note UCOBOUND::, *note LBOUND:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LEADZ, Next: LEN, Prev: LCOBOUND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.140 `LEADZ' -- Number of leading zero bits of an integer +========================================================== + +_Description_: + `LEADZ' returns the number of leading zero bits of an integer. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = LEADZ(I)' + +_Arguments_: + I Shall be of type `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The type of the return value is the default `INTEGER'. If all the + bits of `I' are zero, the result value is `BIT_SIZE(I)'. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_leadz + WRITE (*,*) BIT_SIZE(1) ! prints 32 + WRITE (*,*) LEADZ(1) ! prints 31 + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note BIT_SIZE::, *note TRAILZ::, *note POPCNT::, *note POPPAR:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LEN, Next: LEN_TRIM, Prev: LEADZ, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.141 `LEN' -- Length of a character entity +=========================================== + +_Description_: + Returns the length of a character string. If STRING is an array, + the length of an element of STRING is returned. Note that STRING + need not be defined when this intrinsic is invoked, since only the + length, not the content, of STRING is needed. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `L = LEN(STRING [, KIND])' + +_Arguments_: + STRING Shall be a scalar or array of type + `CHARACTER', with `INTENT(IN)' + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is + absent, the return value is of default integer kind. + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `LEN(STRING)' `CHARACTER' `INTEGER' Fortran 77 and + later + +_See also_: + *note LEN_TRIM::, *note ADJUSTL::, *note ADJUSTR:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LEN_TRIM, Next: LGE, Prev: LEN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.142 `LEN_TRIM' -- Length of a character entity without trailing blank characters +================================================================================== + +_Description_: + Returns the length of a character string, ignoring any trailing + blanks. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = LEN_TRIM(STRING [, KIND])' + +_Arguments_: + STRING Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER', with + `INTENT(IN)' + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is + absent, the return value is of default integer kind. + +_See also_: + *note LEN::, *note ADJUSTL::, *note ADJUSTR:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LGE, Next: LGT, Prev: LEN_TRIM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.143 `LGE' -- Lexical greater than or equal +============================================ + +_Description_: + Determines whether one string is lexically greater than or equal to + another string, where the two strings are interpreted as containing + ASCII character codes. If the String A and String B are not the + same length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were appended to + it to form a value that has the same length as the longer. + + In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics `LGE', `LGT', `LLE', + and `LLT' differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators + `.GE.', `.GT.', `.LE.', and `.LT.', in that the latter use the + processor's character ordering (which is not ASCII on some + targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = LGE(STRING_A, STRING_B)' + +_Arguments_: + STRING_A Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. + STRING_B Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. + +_Return value_: + Returns `.TRUE.' if `STRING_A >= STRING_B', and `.FALSE.' + otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering. + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `LGE(STRING_A,`CHARACTER' `LOGICAL' Fortran 77 and + STRING_B)' later + +_See also_: + *note LGT::, *note LLE::, *note LLT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LGT, Next: LINK, Prev: LGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.144 `LGT' -- Lexical greater than +=================================== + +_Description_: + Determines whether one string is lexically greater than another + string, where the two strings are interpreted as containing ASCII + character codes. If the String A and String B are not the same + length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were appended to it + to form a value that has the same length as the longer. + + In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics `LGE', `LGT', `LLE', + and `LLT' differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators + `.GE.', `.GT.', `.LE.', and `.LT.', in that the latter use the + processor's character ordering (which is not ASCII on some + targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = LGT(STRING_A, STRING_B)' + +_Arguments_: + STRING_A Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. + STRING_B Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. + +_Return value_: + Returns `.TRUE.' if `STRING_A > STRING_B', and `.FALSE.' + otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering. + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `LGT(STRING_A,`CHARACTER' `LOGICAL' Fortran 77 and + STRING_B)' later + +_See also_: + *note LGE::, *note LLE::, *note LLT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LINK, Next: LLE, Prev: LGT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.145 `LINK' -- Create a hard link +================================== + +_Description_: + Makes a (hard) link from file PATH1 to PATH2. A null character + (`CHAR(0)') can be used to mark the end of the names in PATH1 and + PATH2; otherwise, trailing blanks in the file names are ignored. + If the STATUS argument is supplied, it contains 0 on success or a + nonzero error code upon return; see `link(2)'. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL LINK(PATH1, PATH2 [, STATUS])' + `STATUS = LINK(PATH1, PATH2)' + +_Arguments_: + PATH1 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. + PATH2 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. + STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type. + +_See also_: + *note SYMLNK::, *note UNLINK:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LLE, Next: LLT, Prev: LINK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.146 `LLE' -- Lexical less than or equal +========================================= + +_Description_: + Determines whether one string is lexically less than or equal to + another string, where the two strings are interpreted as + containing ASCII character codes. If the String A and String B + are not the same length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were + appended to it to form a value that has the same length as the + longer. + + In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics `LGE', `LGT', `LLE', + and `LLT' differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators + `.GE.', `.GT.', `.LE.', and `.LT.', in that the latter use the + processor's character ordering (which is not ASCII on some + targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = LLE(STRING_A, STRING_B)' + +_Arguments_: + STRING_A Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. + STRING_B Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. + +_Return value_: + Returns `.TRUE.' if `STRING_A <= STRING_B', and `.FALSE.' + otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering. + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `LLE(STRING_A,`CHARACTER' `LOGICAL' Fortran 77 and + STRING_B)' later + +_See also_: + *note LGE::, *note LGT::, *note LLT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LLT, Next: LNBLNK, Prev: LLE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.147 `LLT' -- Lexical less than +================================ + +_Description_: + Determines whether one string is lexically less than another + string, where the two strings are interpreted as containing ASCII + character codes. If the String A and String B are not the same + length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were appended to it + to form a value that has the same length as the longer. + + In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics `LGE', `LGT', `LLE', + and `LLT' differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators + `.GE.', `.GT.', `.LE.', and `.LT.', in that the latter use the + processor's character ordering (which is not ASCII on some + targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = LLT(STRING_A, STRING_B)' + +_Arguments_: + STRING_A Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. + STRING_B Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. + +_Return value_: + Returns `.TRUE.' if `STRING_A < STRING_B', and `.FALSE.' + otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering. + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `LLT(STRING_A,`CHARACTER' `LOGICAL' Fortran 77 and + STRING_B)' later + +_See also_: + *note LGE::, *note LGT::, *note LLE:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LNBLNK, Next: LOC, Prev: LLT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.148 `LNBLNK' -- Index of the last non-blank character in a string +=================================================================== + +_Description_: + Returns the length of a character string, ignoring any trailing + blanks. This is identical to the standard `LEN_TRIM' intrinsic, + and is only included for backwards compatibility. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = LNBLNK(STRING)' + +_Arguments_: + STRING Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER', with + `INTENT(IN)' + +_Return value_: + The return value is of `INTEGER(kind=4)' type. + +_See also_: + *note INDEX intrinsic::, *note LEN_TRIM:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LOC, Next: LOG, Prev: LNBLNK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.149 `LOC' -- Returns the address of a variable +================================================ + +_Description_: + `LOC(X)' returns the address of X as an integer. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = LOC(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X Variable of any type. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER', with a `KIND' corresponding + to the size (in bytes) of a memory address on the target machine. + +_Example_: + program test_loc + integer :: i + real :: r + i = loc(r) + print *, i + end program test_loc + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LOG, Next: LOG10, Prev: LOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.150 `LOG' -- Natural logarithm function +========================================= + +_Description_: + `LOG(X)' computes the natural logarithm of X, i.e. the logarithm + to the base e. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = LOG(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. The kind type + parameter is the same as X. If X is `COMPLEX', the imaginary part + \omega is in the range -\pi \leq \omega \leq \pi. + +_Example_: + program test_log + real(8) :: x = 2.7182818284590451_8 + complex :: z = (1.0, 2.0) + x = log(x) ! will yield (approximately) 1 + z = log(z) + end program test_log + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `ALOG(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' f95, gnu + `DLOG(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' f95, gnu + `CLOG(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' f95, gnu + X' + `ZLOG(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' f95, gnu + X' + `CDLOG(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' f95, gnu + X' + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LOG10, Next: LOG_GAMMA, Prev: LOG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.151 `LOG10' -- Base 10 logarithm function +=========================================== + +_Description_: + `LOG10(X)' computes the base 10 logarithm of X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = LOG10(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. The kind type + parameter is the same as X. + +_Example_: + program test_log10 + real(8) :: x = 10.0_8 + x = log10(x) + end program test_log10 + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `ALOG10(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 95 and + later + `DLOG10(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and + later + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LOG_GAMMA, Next: LOGICAL, Prev: LOG10, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.152 `LOG_GAMMA' -- Logarithm of the Gamma function +==================================================== + +_Description_: + `LOG_GAMMA(X)' computes the natural logarithm of the absolute value + of the Gamma (\Gamma) function. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `X = LOG_GAMMA(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X Shall be of type `REAL' and neither zero nor a + negative integer. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `REAL' of the same kind as X. + +_Example_: + program test_log_gamma + real :: x = 1.0 + x = lgamma(x) ! returns 0.0 + end program test_log_gamma + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `LGAMMA(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' GNU Extension + `ALGAMA(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' GNU Extension + `DLGAMA(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU Extension + +_See also_: + Gamma function: *note GAMMA:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LOGICAL, Next: LONG, Prev: LOG_GAMMA, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.153 `LOGICAL' -- Convert to logical type +========================================== + +_Description_: + Converts one kind of `LOGICAL' variable to another. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = LOGICAL(L [, KIND])' + +_Arguments_: + L The type shall be `LOGICAL'. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is a `LOGICAL' value equal to L, with a kind + corresponding to KIND, or of the default logical kind if KIND is + not given. + +_See also_: + *note INT::, *note REAL::, *note CMPLX:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LONG, Next: LSHIFT, Prev: LOGICAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.154 `LONG' -- Convert to integer type +======================================= + +_Description_: + Convert to a `KIND=4' integer type, which is the same size as a C + `long' integer. This is equivalent to the standard `INT' + intrinsic with an optional argument of `KIND=4', and is only + included for backwards compatibility. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = LONG(A)' + +_Arguments_: + A Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL', or + `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is a `INTEGER(4)' variable. + +_See also_: + *note INT::, *note INT2::, *note INT8:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LSHIFT, Next: LSTAT, Prev: LONG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.155 `LSHIFT' -- Left shift bits +================================= + +_Description_: + `LSHIFT' returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits + shifted left by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is + greater than `BIT_SIZE(I)', the value is undefined. Bits shifted + out from the left end are lost; zeros are shifted in from the + opposite end. + + This function has been superseded by the `ISHFT' intrinsic, which + is standard in Fortran 95 and later, and the `SHIFTL' intrinsic, + which is standard in Fortran 2008 and later. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = LSHIFT(I, SHIFT)' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be `INTEGER'. + SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. + +_See also_: + *note ISHFT::, *note ISHFTC::, *note RSHIFT::, *note SHIFTA::, + *note SHIFTL::, *note SHIFTR:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LSTAT, Next: LTIME, Prev: LSHIFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.156 `LSTAT' -- Get file status +================================ + +_Description_: + `LSTAT' is identical to *note STAT::, except that if path is a + symbolic link, then the link itself is statted, not the file that + it refers to. + + The elements in `VALUES' are the same as described by *note STAT::. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL LSTAT(NAME, VALUES [, STATUS])' + `STATUS = LSTAT(NAME, VALUES)' + +_Arguments_: + NAME The type shall be `CHARACTER' of the default + kind, a valid path within the file system. + VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER(4), DIMENSION(13)'. + STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER(4)'. + Returns 0 on success and a system specific + error code otherwise. + +_Example_: + See *note STAT:: for an example. + +_See also_: + To stat an open file: *note FSTAT::, to stat a file: *note STAT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: LTIME, Next: MALLOC, Prev: LSTAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.157 `LTIME' -- Convert time to local time info +================================================ + +_Description_: + Given a system time value TIME (as provided by the `TIME8' + intrinsic), fills VALUES with values extracted from it appropriate + to the local time zone using `localtime(3)'. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL LTIME(TIME, VALUES)' + +_Arguments_: + TIME An `INTEGER' scalar expression corresponding + to a system time, with `INTENT(IN)'. + VALUES A default `INTEGER' array with 9 elements, + with `INTENT(OUT)'. + +_Return value_: + The elements of VALUES are assigned as follows: + 1. Seconds after the minute, range 0-59 or 0-61 to allow for leap + seconds + + 2. Minutes after the hour, range 0-59 + + 3. Hours past midnight, range 0-23 + + 4. Day of month, range 0-31 + + 5. Number of months since January, range 0-12 + + 6. Years since 1900 + + 7. Number of days since Sunday, range 0-6 + + 8. Days since January 1 + + 9. Daylight savings indicator: positive if daylight savings is in + effect, zero if not, and negative if the information is not + available. + +_See also_: + *note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note TIME::, *note TIME8:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MALLOC, Next: MASKL, Prev: LTIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.158 `MALLOC' -- Allocate dynamic memory +========================================= + +_Description_: + `MALLOC(SIZE)' allocates SIZE bytes of dynamic memory and returns + the address of the allocated memory. The `MALLOC' intrinsic is an + extension intended to be used with Cray pointers, and is provided + in GNU Fortran to allow the user to compile legacy code. For new + code using Fortran 95 pointers, the memory allocation intrinsic is + `ALLOCATE'. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_Syntax_: + `PTR = MALLOC(SIZE)' + +_Arguments_: + SIZE The type shall be `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER(K)', with K such that + variables of type `INTEGER(K)' have the same size as C pointers + (`sizeof(void *)'). + +_Example_: + The following example demonstrates the use of `MALLOC' and `FREE' + with Cray pointers. + + program test_malloc + implicit none + integer i + real*8 x(*), z + pointer(ptr_x,x) + + ptr_x = malloc(20*8) + do i = 1, 20 + x(i) = sqrt(1.0d0 / i) + end do + z = 0 + do i = 1, 20 + z = z + x(i) + print *, z + end do + call free(ptr_x) + end program test_malloc + +_See also_: + *note FREE:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MASKL, Next: MASKR, Prev: MALLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.159 `MASKL' -- Left justified mask +==================================== + +_Description_: + `MASKL(I[, KIND])' has its leftmost I bits set to 1, and the + remaining bits set to 0. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = MASKL(I[, KIND])' + +_Arguments_: + I Shall be of type `INTEGER'. + KIND Shall be a scalar constant expression of type + `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER'. If KIND is present, it + specifies the kind value of the return type; otherwise, it is of + the default integer kind. + +_See also_: + *note MASKR:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MASKR, Next: MATMUL, Prev: MASKL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.160 `MASKR' -- Right justified mask +===================================== + +_Description_: + `MASKL(I[, KIND])' has its rightmost I bits set to 1, and the + remaining bits set to 0. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = MASKR(I[, KIND])' + +_Arguments_: + I Shall be of type `INTEGER'. + KIND Shall be a scalar constant expression of type + `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER'. If KIND is present, it + specifies the kind value of the return type; otherwise, it is of + the default integer kind. + +_See also_: + *note MASKL:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MATMUL, Next: MAX, Prev: MASKR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.161 `MATMUL' -- matrix multiplication +======================================= + +_Description_: + Performs a matrix multiplication on numeric or logical arguments. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = MATMUL(MATRIX_A, MATRIX_B)' + +_Arguments_: + MATRIX_A An array of `INTEGER', `REAL', `COMPLEX', or + `LOGICAL' type, with a rank of one or two. + MATRIX_B An array of `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX' + type if MATRIX_A is of a numeric type; + otherwise, an array of `LOGICAL' type. The + rank shall be one or two, and the first (or + only) dimension of MATRIX_B shall be equal to + the last (or only) dimension of MATRIX_A. + +_Return value_: + The matrix product of MATRIX_A and MATRIX_B. The type and kind of + the result follow the usual type and kind promotion rules, as for + the `*' or `.AND.' operators. + +_See also_: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MAX, Next: MAXEXPONENT, Prev: MATMUL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.162 `MAX' -- Maximum value of an argument list +================================================ + +_Description_: + Returns the argument with the largest (most positive) value. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = MAX(A1, A2 [, A3 [, ...]])' + +_Arguments_: + A1 The type shall be `INTEGER' or `REAL'. + A2, A3, An expression of the same type and kind as A1. + ... (As a GNU extension, arguments of different + kinds are permitted.) + +_Return value_: + The return value corresponds to the maximum value among the + arguments, and has the same type and kind as the first argument. + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `MAX0(A1)' `INTEGER(4) `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and + A1' later + `AMAX0(A1)' `INTEGER(4) `REAL(MAX(X))'Fortran 77 and + A1' later + `MAX1(A1)' `REAL A1' `INT(MAX(X))' Fortran 77 and + later + `AMAX1(A1)' `REAL(4) A1' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and + later + `DMAX1(A1)' `REAL(8) A1' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and + later + +_See also_: + *note MAXLOC:: *note MAXVAL::, *note MIN:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MAXEXPONENT, Next: MAXLOC, Prev: MAX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.163 `MAXEXPONENT' -- Maximum exponent of a real kind +====================================================== + +_Description_: + `MAXEXPONENT(X)' returns the maximum exponent in the model of the + type of `X'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = MAXEXPONENT(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X Shall be of type `REAL'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer + kind. + +_Example_: + program exponents + real(kind=4) :: x + real(kind=8) :: y + + print *, minexponent(x), maxexponent(x) + print *, minexponent(y), maxexponent(y) + end program exponents + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MAXLOC, Next: MAXVAL, Prev: MAXEXPONENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.164 `MAXLOC' -- Location of the maximum value within an array +=============================================================== + +_Description_: + Determines the location of the element in the array with the + maximum value, or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the + locations of the maximum element along each row of the array in the + DIM direction. If MASK is present, only the elements for which + MASK is `.TRUE.' are considered. If more than one element in the + array has the maximum value, the location returned is that of the + first such element in array element order. If the array has zero + size, or all of the elements of MASK are `.FALSE.', then the + result is an array of zeroes. Similarly, if DIM is supplied and + all of the elements of MASK along a given row are zero, the result + value for that row is zero. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = MAXLOC(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK])' + `RESULT = MAXLOC(ARRAY [, MASK])' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'. + DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type + `INTEGER', with a value between one and the + rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an + optional dummy argument. + MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL', and + conformable with ARRAY. + +_Return value_: + If DIM is absent, the result is a rank-one array with a length + equal to the rank of ARRAY. If DIM is present, the result is an + array with a rank one less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size + corresponding to the size of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed. + If DIM is present and ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a + scalar. In all cases, the result is of default `INTEGER' type. + +_See also_: + *note MAX::, *note MAXVAL:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MAXVAL, Next: MCLOCK, Prev: MAXLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.165 `MAXVAL' -- Maximum value of an array +=========================================== + +_Description_: + Determines the maximum value of the elements in an array value, + or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the maximum value + along each row of the array in the DIM direction. If MASK is + present, only the elements for which MASK is `.TRUE.' are + considered. If the array has zero size, or all of the elements of + MASK are `.FALSE.', then the result is `-HUGE(ARRAY)' if ARRAY is + numeric, or a string of nulls if ARRAY is of character type. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = MAXVAL(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK])' + `RESULT = MAXVAL(ARRAY [, MASK])' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'. + DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type + `INTEGER', with a value between one and the + rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an + optional dummy argument. + MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL', and + conformable with ARRAY. + +_Return value_: + If DIM is absent, or if ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a + scalar. If DIM is present, the result is an array with a rank one + less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size corresponding to the size + of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed. In all cases, the result + is of the same type and kind as ARRAY. + +_See also_: + *note MAX::, *note MAXLOC:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MCLOCK, Next: MCLOCK8, Prev: MAXVAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.166 `MCLOCK' -- Time function +=============================== + +_Description_: + Returns the number of clock ticks since the start of the process, + based on the UNIX function `clock(3)'. + + This intrinsic is not fully portable, such as to systems with + 32-bit `INTEGER' types but supporting times wider than 32 bits. + Therefore, the values returned by this intrinsic might be, or + become, negative, or numerically less than previous values, during + a single run of the compiled program. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = MCLOCK()' + +_Return value_: + The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER(4)', equal to the + number of clock ticks since the start of the process, or `-1' if + the system does not support `clock(3)'. + +_See also_: + *note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note MCLOCK::, + *note TIME:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MCLOCK8, Next: MERGE, Prev: MCLOCK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.167 `MCLOCK8' -- Time function (64-bit) +========================================= + +_Description_: + Returns the number of clock ticks since the start of the process, + based on the UNIX function `clock(3)'. + + _Warning:_ this intrinsic does not increase the range of the timing + values over that returned by `clock(3)'. On a system with a 32-bit + `clock(3)', `MCLOCK8' will return a 32-bit value, even though it + is converted to a 64-bit `INTEGER(8)' value. That means overflows + of the 32-bit value can still occur. Therefore, the values + returned by this intrinsic might be or become negative or + numerically less than previous values during a single run of the + compiled program. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = MCLOCK8()' + +_Return value_: + The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER(8)', equal to the + number of clock ticks since the start of the process, or `-1' if + the system does not support `clock(3)'. + +_See also_: + *note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note MCLOCK::, + *note TIME8:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MERGE, Next: MERGE_BITS, Prev: MCLOCK8, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.168 `MERGE' -- Merge variables +================================ + +_Description_: + Select values from two arrays according to a logical mask. The + result is equal to TSOURCE if MASK is `.TRUE.', or equal to + FSOURCE if it is `.FALSE.'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = MERGE(TSOURCE, FSOURCE, MASK)' + +_Arguments_: + TSOURCE May be of any type. + FSOURCE Shall be of the same type and type parameters + as TSOURCE. + MASK Shall be of type `LOGICAL'. + +_Return value_: + The result is of the same type and type parameters as TSOURCE. + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MERGE_BITS, Next: MIN, Prev: MERGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.169 `MERGE_BITS' -- Merge of bits under mask +============================================== + +_Description_: + `MERGE_BITS(I, J, MASK)' merges the bits of I and J as determined + by the mask. The i-th bit of the result is equal to the i-th bit + of I if the i-th bit of MASK is 1; it is equal to the i-th bit of + J otherwise. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = MERGE_BITS(I, J, MASK)' + +_Arguments_: + I Shall be of type `INTEGER'. + J Shall be of type `INTEGER' and of the same + kind as I. + MASK Shall be of type `INTEGER' and of the same + kind as I. + +_Return value_: + The result is of the same type and kind as I. + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MIN, Next: MINEXPONENT, Prev: MERGE_BITS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.170 `MIN' -- Minimum value of an argument list +================================================ + +_Description_: + Returns the argument with the smallest (most negative) value. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = MIN(A1, A2 [, A3, ...])' + +_Arguments_: + A1 The type shall be `INTEGER' or `REAL'. + A2, A3, An expression of the same type and kind as A1. + ... (As a GNU extension, arguments of different + kinds are permitted.) + +_Return value_: + The return value corresponds to the maximum value among the + arguments, and has the same type and kind as the first argument. + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `MIN0(A1)' `INTEGER(4) `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and + A1' later + `AMIN0(A1)' `INTEGER(4) `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and + A1' later + `MIN1(A1)' `REAL A1' `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and + later + `AMIN1(A1)' `REAL(4) A1' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and + later + `DMIN1(A1)' `REAL(8) A1' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and + later + +_See also_: + *note MAX::, *note MINLOC::, *note MINVAL:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MINEXPONENT, Next: MINLOC, Prev: MIN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.171 `MINEXPONENT' -- Minimum exponent of a real kind +====================================================== + +_Description_: + `MINEXPONENT(X)' returns the minimum exponent in the model of the + type of `X'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = MINEXPONENT(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X Shall be of type `REAL'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer + kind. + +_Example_: + See `MAXEXPONENT' for an example. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MINLOC, Next: MINVAL, Prev: MINEXPONENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.172 `MINLOC' -- Location of the minimum value within an array +=============================================================== + +_Description_: + Determines the location of the element in the array with the + minimum value, or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the + locations of the minimum element along each row of the array in the + DIM direction. If MASK is present, only the elements for which + MASK is `.TRUE.' are considered. If more than one element in the + array has the minimum value, the location returned is that of the + first such element in array element order. If the array has zero + size, or all of the elements of MASK are `.FALSE.', then the + result is an array of zeroes. Similarly, if DIM is supplied and + all of the elements of MASK along a given row are zero, the result + value for that row is zero. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = MINLOC(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK])' + `RESULT = MINLOC(ARRAY [, MASK])' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'. + DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type + `INTEGER', with a value between one and the + rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an + optional dummy argument. + MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL', and + conformable with ARRAY. + +_Return value_: + If DIM is absent, the result is a rank-one array with a length + equal to the rank of ARRAY. If DIM is present, the result is an + array with a rank one less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size + corresponding to the size of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed. + If DIM is present and ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a + scalar. In all cases, the result is of default `INTEGER' type. + +_See also_: + *note MIN::, *note MINVAL:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MINVAL, Next: MOD, Prev: MINLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.173 `MINVAL' -- Minimum value of an array +=========================================== + +_Description_: + Determines the minimum value of the elements in an array value, + or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the minimum value + along each row of the array in the DIM direction. If MASK is + present, only the elements for which MASK is `.TRUE.' are + considered. If the array has zero size, or all of the elements of + MASK are `.FALSE.', then the result is `HUGE(ARRAY)' if ARRAY is + numeric, or a string of `CHAR(255)' characters if ARRAY is of + character type. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = MINVAL(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK])' + `RESULT = MINVAL(ARRAY [, MASK])' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'. + DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type + `INTEGER', with a value between one and the + rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an + optional dummy argument. + MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL', and + conformable with ARRAY. + +_Return value_: + If DIM is absent, or if ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a + scalar. If DIM is present, the result is an array with a rank one + less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size corresponding to the size + of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed. In all cases, the result + is of the same type and kind as ARRAY. + +_See also_: + *note MIN::, *note MINLOC:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MOD, Next: MODULO, Prev: MINVAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.174 `MOD' -- Remainder function +================================= + +_Description_: + `MOD(A,P)' computes the remainder of the division of A by P. It is + calculated as `A - (INT(A/P) * P)'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = MOD(A, P)' + +_Arguments_: + A Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' or `REAL' + P Shall be a scalar of the same type as A and not + equal to zero + +_Return value_: + The kind of the return value is the result of cross-promoting the + kinds of the arguments. + +_Example_: + program test_mod + print *, mod(17,3) + print *, mod(17.5,5.5) + print *, mod(17.5d0,5.5) + print *, mod(17.5,5.5d0) + + print *, mod(-17,3) + print *, mod(-17.5,5.5) + print *, mod(-17.5d0,5.5) + print *, mod(-17.5,5.5d0) + + print *, mod(17,-3) + print *, mod(17.5,-5.5) + print *, mod(17.5d0,-5.5) + print *, mod(17.5,-5.5d0) + end program test_mod + +_Specific names_: + Name Arguments Return type Standard + `MOD(A,P)' `INTEGER `INTEGER' Fortran 95 and + A,P' later + `AMOD(A,P)' `REAL(4) `REAL(4)' Fortran 95 and + A,P' later + `DMOD(A,P)' `REAL(8) `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and + A,P' later + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MODULO, Next: MOVE_ALLOC, Prev: MOD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.175 `MODULO' -- Modulo function +================================= + +_Description_: + `MODULO(A,P)' computes the A modulo P. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = MODULO(A, P)' + +_Arguments_: + A Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' or `REAL' + P Shall be a scalar of the same type and kind as + A + +_Return value_: + The type and kind of the result are those of the arguments. + If A and P are of type `INTEGER': + `MODULO(A,P)' has the value R such that `A=Q*P+R', where Q is + an integer and R is between 0 (inclusive) and P (exclusive). + + If A and P are of type `REAL': + `MODULO(A,P)' has the value of `A - FLOOR (A / P) * P'. + In all cases, if P is zero the result is processor-dependent. + +_Example_: + program test_modulo + print *, modulo(17,3) + print *, modulo(17.5,5.5) + + print *, modulo(-17,3) + print *, modulo(-17.5,5.5) + + print *, modulo(17,-3) + print *, modulo(17.5,-5.5) + end program + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MOVE_ALLOC, Next: MVBITS, Prev: MODULO, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.176 `MOVE_ALLOC' -- Move allocation from one object to another +================================================================ + +_Description_: + `MOVE_ALLOC(FROM, TO)' moves the allocation from FROM to TO. FROM + will become deallocated in the process. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Pure subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL MOVE_ALLOC(FROM, TO)' + +_Arguments_: + FROM `ALLOCATABLE', `INTENT(INOUT)', may be of any + type and kind. + TO `ALLOCATABLE', `INTENT(OUT)', shall be of the + same type, kind and rank as FROM. + +_Return value_: + None + +_Example_: + program test_move_alloc + integer, allocatable :: a(:), b(:) + + allocate(a(3)) + a = [ 1, 2, 3 ] + call move_alloc(a, b) + print *, allocated(a), allocated(b) + print *, b + end program test_move_alloc + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: MVBITS, Next: NEAREST, Prev: MOVE_ALLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.177 `MVBITS' -- Move bits from one integer to another +======================================================= + +_Description_: + Moves LEN bits from positions FROMPOS through `FROMPOS+LEN-1' of + FROM to positions TOPOS through `TOPOS+LEN-1' of TO. The portion + of argument TO not affected by the movement of bits is unchanged. + The values of `FROMPOS+LEN-1' and `TOPOS+LEN-1' must be less than + `BIT_SIZE(FROM)'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL MVBITS(FROM, FROMPOS, LEN, TO, TOPOS)' + +_Arguments_: + FROM The type shall be `INTEGER'. + FROMPOS The type shall be `INTEGER'. + LEN The type shall be `INTEGER'. + TO The type shall be `INTEGER', of the same kind + as FROM. + TOPOS The type shall be `INTEGER'. + +_See also_: + *note IBCLR::, *note IBSET::, *note IBITS::, *note IAND::, *note + IOR::, *note IEOR:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: NEAREST, Next: NEW_LINE, Prev: MVBITS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.178 `NEAREST' -- Nearest representable number +=============================================== + +_Description_: + `NEAREST(X, S)' returns the processor-representable number nearest + to `X' in the direction indicated by the sign of `S'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = NEAREST(X, S)' + +_Arguments_: + X Shall be of type `REAL'. + S (Optional) shall be of type `REAL' and not + equal to zero. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of the same type as `X'. If `S' is positive, + `NEAREST' returns the processor-representable number greater than + `X' and nearest to it. If `S' is negative, `NEAREST' returns the + processor-representable number smaller than `X' and nearest to it. + +_Example_: + program test_nearest + real :: x, y + x = nearest(42.0, 1.0) + y = nearest(42.0, -1.0) + write (*,"(3(G20.15))") x, y, x - y + end program test_nearest + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: NEW_LINE, Next: NINT, Prev: NEAREST, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.179 `NEW_LINE' -- New line character +====================================== + +_Description_: + `NEW_LINE(C)' returns the new-line character. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = NEW_LINE(C)' + +_Arguments_: + C The argument shall be a scalar or array of the + type `CHARACTER'. + +_Return value_: + Returns a CHARACTER scalar of length one with the new-line + character of the same kind as parameter C. + +_Example_: + program newline + implicit none + write(*,'(A)') 'This is record 1.'//NEW_LINE('A')//'This is record 2.' + end program newline + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: NINT, Next: NORM2, Prev: NEW_LINE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.180 `NINT' -- Nearest whole number +==================================== + +_Description_: + `NINT(A)' rounds its argument to the nearest whole number. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 90 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = NINT(A [, KIND])' + +_Arguments_: + A The type of the argument shall be `REAL'. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + Returns A with the fractional portion of its magnitude eliminated + by rounding to the nearest whole number and with its sign + preserved, converted to an `INTEGER' of the default kind. + +_Example_: + program test_nint + real(4) x4 + real(8) x8 + x4 = 1.234E0_4 + x8 = 4.321_8 + print *, nint(x4), idnint(x8) + end program test_nint + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return Type Standard + `NINT(A)' `REAL(4) A' `INTEGER' Fortran 95 and + later + `IDNINT(A)' `REAL(8) A' `INTEGER' Fortran 95 and + later + +_See also_: + *note CEILING::, *note FLOOR:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: NORM2, Next: NOT, Prev: NINT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.181 `NORM2' -- Euclidean vector norms +======================================= + +_Description_: + Calculates the Euclidean vector norm (L_2 norm) of of ARRAY along + dimension DIM. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = NORM2(ARRAY[, DIM])' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY Shall be an array of type `REAL' + DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' + with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n + equals the rank of ARRAY. + +_Return value_: + The result is of the same type as ARRAY. + + If DIM is absent, a scalar with the square root of the sum of all + elements in ARRAY squared is returned. Otherwise, an array of + rank n-1, where n equals the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to + that of ARRAY with dimension DIM dropped is returned. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_sum + REAL :: x(5) = [ real :: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ] + print *, NORM2(x) ! = sqrt(55.) ~ 7.416 + END PROGRAM + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: NOT, Next: NULL, Prev: NORM2, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.182 `NOT' -- Logical negation +=============================== + +_Description_: + `NOT' returns the bitwise Boolean inverse of I. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = NOT(I)' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return type is `INTEGER', of the same kind as the argument. + +_See also_: + *note IAND::, *note IEOR::, *note IOR::, *note IBITS::, *note + IBSET::, *note IBCLR:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: NULL, Next: NUM_IMAGES, Prev: NOT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.183 `NULL' -- Function that returns an disassociated pointer +============================================================== + +_Description_: + Returns a disassociated pointer. + + If MOLD is present, a disassociated pointer of the same type is + returned, otherwise the type is determined by context. + + In Fortran 95, MOLD is optional. Please note that Fortran 2003 + includes cases where it is required. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `PTR => NULL([MOLD])' + +_Arguments_: + MOLD (Optional) shall be a pointer of any + association status and of any type. + +_Return value_: + A disassociated pointer. + +_Example_: + REAL, POINTER, DIMENSION(:) :: VEC => NULL () + +_See also_: + *note ASSOCIATED:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: NUM_IMAGES, Next: OR, Prev: NULL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.184 `NUM_IMAGES' -- Function that returns the number of images +================================================================ + +_Description_: + Returns the number of images. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = NUM_IMAGES()' + +_Arguments_: None. + +_Return value_: + Scalar default-kind integer. + +_Example_: + INTEGER :: value[*] + INTEGER :: i + value = THIS_IMAGE() + SYNC ALL + IF (THIS_IMAGE() == 1) THEN + DO i = 1, NUM_IMAGES() + WRITE(*,'(2(a,i0))') 'value[', i, '] is ', value[i] + END DO + END IF + +_See also_: + *note THIS_IMAGE::, *note IMAGE_INDEX:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: OR, Next: PACK, Prev: NUM_IMAGES, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.185 `OR' -- Bitwise logical OR +================================ + +_Description_: + Bitwise logical `OR'. + + This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with + GNU Fortran 77. For integer arguments, programmers should consider + the use of the *note IOR:: intrinsic defined by the Fortran + standard. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = OR(I, J)' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be either a scalar `INTEGER' + type or a scalar `LOGICAL' type. + J The type shall be the same as the type of J. + +_Return value_: + The return type is either a scalar `INTEGER' or a scalar + `LOGICAL'. If the kind type parameters differ, then the smaller + kind type is implicitly converted to larger kind, and the return + has the larger kind. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_or + LOGICAL :: T = .TRUE., F = .FALSE. + INTEGER :: a, b + DATA a / Z'F' /, b / Z'3' / + + WRITE (*,*) OR(T, T), OR(T, F), OR(F, T), OR(F, F) + WRITE (*,*) OR(a, b) + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + Fortran 95 elemental function: *note IOR:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: PACK, Next: PARITY, Prev: OR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.186 `PACK' -- Pack an array into an array of rank one +======================================================= + +_Description_: + Stores the elements of ARRAY in an array of rank one. + + The beginning of the resulting array is made up of elements whose + MASK equals `TRUE'. Afterwards, positions are filled with elements + taken from VECTOR. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = PACK(ARRAY, MASK[,VECTOR]' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY Shall be an array of any type. + MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL' and of the + same size as ARRAY. Alternatively, it may be a + `LOGICAL' scalar. + VECTOR (Optional) shall be an array of the same type + as ARRAY and of rank one. If present, the + number of elements in VECTOR shall be equal to + or greater than the number of true elements in + MASK. If MASK is scalar, the number of + elements in VECTOR shall be equal to or + greater than the number of elements in ARRAY. + +_Return value_: + The result is an array of rank one and the same type as that of + ARRAY. If VECTOR is present, the result size is that of VECTOR, + the number of `TRUE' values in MASK otherwise. + +_Example_: + Gathering nonzero elements from an array: + PROGRAM test_pack_1 + INTEGER :: m(6) + m = (/ 1, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0 /) + WRITE(*, FMT="(6(I0, ' '))") pack(m, m /= 0) ! "1 5" + END PROGRAM + + Gathering nonzero elements from an array and appending elements + from VECTOR: + PROGRAM test_pack_2 + INTEGER :: m(4) + m = (/ 1, 0, 0, 2 /) + WRITE(*, FMT="(4(I0, ' '))") pack(m, m /= 0, (/ 0, 0, 3, 4 /)) ! "1 2 3 4" + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note UNPACK:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: PARITY, Next: PERROR, Prev: PACK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.187 `PARITY' -- Reduction with exclusive OR +============================================= + +_Description_: + Calculates the parity, i.e. the reduction using `.XOR.', of MASK + along dimension DIM. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = PARITY(MASK[, DIM])' + +_Arguments_: + LOGICAL Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL' + DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' + with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n + equals the rank of MASK. + +_Return value_: + The result is of the same type as MASK. + + If DIM is absent, a scalar with the parity of all elements in MASK + is returned, i.e. true if an odd number of elements is `.true.' + and false otherwise. If DIM is present, an array of rank n-1, + where n equals the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of + MASK with dimension DIM dropped is returned. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_sum + LOGICAL :: x(2) = [ .true., .false. ] + print *, PARITY(x) ! prints "T" (true). + END PROGRAM + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: PERROR, Next: POPCNT, Prev: PARITY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.188 `PERROR' -- Print system error message +============================================ + +_Description_: + Prints (on the C `stderr' stream) a newline-terminated error + message corresponding to the last system error. This is prefixed by + STRING, a colon and a space. See `perror(3)'. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL PERROR(STRING)' + +_Arguments_: + STRING A scalar of type `CHARACTER' and of the + default kind. + +_See also_: + *note IERRNO:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: PRECISION, Next: PRESENT, Prev: POPPAR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.189 `PRECISION' -- Decimal precision of a real kind +===================================================== + +_Description_: + `PRECISION(X)' returns the decimal precision in the model of the + type of `X'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = PRECISION(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X Shall be of type `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer + kind. + +_See also_: + *note SELECTED_REAL_KIND::, *note RANGE:: + +_Example_: + program prec_and_range + real(kind=4) :: x(2) + complex(kind=8) :: y + + print *, precision(x), range(x) + print *, precision(y), range(y) + end program prec_and_range + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: POPCNT, Next: POPPAR, Prev: PERROR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.190 `POPCNT' -- Number of bits set +==================================== + +_Description_: + `POPCNT(I)' returns the number of bits set ('1' bits) in the binary + representation of `I'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = POPCNT(I)' + +_Arguments_: + I Shall be of type `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer + kind. + +_See also_: + *note POPPAR::, *note LEADZ::, *note TRAILZ:: + +_Example_: + program test_population + print *, popcnt(127), poppar(127) + print *, popcnt(huge(0_4)), poppar(huge(0_4)) + print *, popcnt(huge(0_8)), poppar(huge(0_8)) + end program test_population + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: POPPAR, Next: PRECISION, Prev: POPCNT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.191 `POPPAR' -- Parity of the number of bits set +================================================== + +_Description_: + `POPPAR(I)' returns parity of the integer `I', i.e. the parity of + the number of bits set ('1' bits) in the binary representation of + `I'. It is equal to 0 if `I' has an even number of bits set, and 1 + for an odd number of '1' bits. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = POPPAR(I)' + +_Arguments_: + I Shall be of type `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer + kind. + +_See also_: + *note POPCNT::, *note LEADZ::, *note TRAILZ:: + +_Example_: + program test_population + print *, popcnt(127), poppar(127) + print *, popcnt(huge(0_4)), poppar(huge(0_4)) + print *, popcnt(huge(0_8)), poppar(huge(0_8)) + end program test_population + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: PRESENT, Next: PRODUCT, Prev: PRECISION, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.192 `PRESENT' -- Determine whether an optional dummy argument is specified +============================================================================ + +_Description_: + Determines whether an optional dummy argument is present. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = PRESENT(A)' + +_Arguments_: + A May be of any type and may be a pointer, + scalar or array value, or a dummy procedure. + It shall be the name of an optional dummy + argument accessible within the current + subroutine or function. + +_Return value_: + Returns either `TRUE' if the optional argument A is present, or + `FALSE' otherwise. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_present + WRITE(*,*) f(), f(42) ! "F T" + CONTAINS + LOGICAL FUNCTION f(x) + INTEGER, INTENT(IN), OPTIONAL :: x + f = PRESENT(x) + END FUNCTION + END PROGRAM + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: PRODUCT, Next: RADIX, Prev: PRESENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.193 `PRODUCT' -- Product of array elements +============================================ + +_Description_: + Multiplies the elements of ARRAY along dimension DIM if the + corresponding element in MASK is `TRUE'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = PRODUCT(ARRAY[, MASK])' + `RESULT = PRODUCT(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK])' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER', `REAL' or + `COMPLEX'. + DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' + with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n + equals the rank of ARRAY. + MASK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL' and + either be a scalar or an array of the same + shape as ARRAY. + +_Return value_: + The result is of the same type as ARRAY. + + If DIM is absent, a scalar with the product of all elements in + ARRAY is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals + the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with + dimension DIM dropped is returned. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_product + INTEGER :: x(5) = (/ 1, 2, 3, 4 ,5 /) + print *, PRODUCT(x) ! all elements, product = 120 + print *, PRODUCT(x, MASK=MOD(x, 2)==1) ! odd elements, product = 15 + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note SUM:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: RADIX, Next: RANDOM_NUMBER, Prev: PRODUCT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.194 `RADIX' -- Base of a model number +======================================= + +_Description_: + `RADIX(X)' returns the base of the model representing the entity X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = RADIX(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X Shall be of type `INTEGER' or `REAL' + +_Return value_: + The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of the default + integer kind. + +_See also_: + *note SELECTED_REAL_KIND:: + +_Example_: + program test_radix + print *, "The radix for the default integer kind is", radix(0) + print *, "The radix for the default real kind is", radix(0.0) + end program test_radix + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: RAN, Next: REAL, Prev: RANGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.195 `RAN' -- Real pseudo-random number +======================================== + +_Description_: + For compatibility with HP FORTRAN 77/iX, the `RAN' intrinsic is + provided as an alias for `RAND'. See *note RAND:: for complete + documentation. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_See also_: + *note RAND::, *note RANDOM_NUMBER:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: RAND, Next: RANGE, Prev: RANDOM_SEED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.196 `RAND' -- Real pseudo-random number +========================================= + +_Description_: + `RAND(FLAG)' returns a pseudo-random number from a uniform + distribution between 0 and 1. If FLAG is 0, the next number in the + current sequence is returned; if FLAG is 1, the generator is + restarted by `CALL SRAND(0)'; if FLAG has any other value, it is + used as a new seed with `SRAND'. + + This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with + GNU Fortran 77. It implements a simple modulo generator as provided + by `g77'. For new code, one should consider the use of *note + RANDOM_NUMBER:: as it implements a superior algorithm. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = RAND(I)' + +_Arguments_: + I Shall be a scalar `INTEGER' of kind 4. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of `REAL' type and the default kind. + +_Example_: + program test_rand + integer,parameter :: seed = 86456 + + call srand(seed) + print *, rand(), rand(), rand(), rand() + print *, rand(seed), rand(), rand(), rand() + end program test_rand + +_See also_: + *note SRAND::, *note RANDOM_NUMBER:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: RANDOM_NUMBER, Next: RANDOM_SEED, Prev: RADIX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.197 `RANDOM_NUMBER' -- Pseudo-random number +============================================= + +_Description_: + Returns a single pseudorandom number or an array of pseudorandom + numbers from the uniform distribution over the range 0 \leq x < 1. + + The runtime-library implements George Marsaglia's KISS (Keep It + Simple Stupid) random number generator (RNG). This RNG combines: + 1. The congruential generator x(n) = 69069 \cdot x(n-1) + + 1327217885 with a period of 2^32, + + 2. A 3-shift shift-register generator with a period of 2^32 - 1, + + 3. Two 16-bit multiply-with-carry generators with a period of + 597273182964842497 > 2^59. + The overall period exceeds 2^123. + + Please note, this RNG is thread safe if used within OpenMP + directives, i.e., its state will be consistent while called from + multiple threads. However, the KISS generator does not create + random numbers in parallel from multiple sources, but in sequence + from a single source. If an OpenMP-enabled application heavily + relies on random numbers, one should consider employing a + dedicated parallel random number generator instead. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `RANDOM_NUMBER(HARVEST)' + +_Arguments_: + HARVEST Shall be a scalar or an array of type `REAL'. + +_Example_: + program test_random_number + REAL :: r(5,5) + CALL init_random_seed() ! see example of RANDOM_SEED + CALL RANDOM_NUMBER(r) + end program + +_See also_: + *note RANDOM_SEED:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: RANDOM_SEED, Next: RAND, Prev: RANDOM_NUMBER, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.198 `RANDOM_SEED' -- Initialize a pseudo-random number sequence +================================================================= + +_Description_: + Restarts or queries the state of the pseudorandom number generator + used by `RANDOM_NUMBER'. + + If `RANDOM_SEED' is called without arguments, it is initialized to + a default state. The example below shows how to initialize the + random seed based on the system's time. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL RANDOM_SEED([SIZE, PUT, GET])' + +_Arguments_: + SIZE (Optional) Shall be a scalar and of type + default `INTEGER', with `INTENT(OUT)'. It + specifies the minimum size of the arrays used + with the PUT and GET arguments. + PUT (Optional) Shall be an array of type default + `INTEGER' and rank one. It is `INTENT(IN)' and + the size of the array must be larger than or + equal to the number returned by the SIZE + argument. + GET (Optional) Shall be an array of type default + `INTEGER' and rank one. It is `INTENT(OUT)' + and the size of the array must be larger than + or equal to the number returned by the SIZE + argument. + +_Example_: + SUBROUTINE init_random_seed() + INTEGER :: i, n, clock + INTEGER, DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: seed + + CALL RANDOM_SEED(size = n) + ALLOCATE(seed(n)) + + CALL SYSTEM_CLOCK(COUNT=clock) + + seed = clock + 37 * (/ (i - 1, i = 1, n) /) + CALL RANDOM_SEED(PUT = seed) + + DEALLOCATE(seed) + END SUBROUTINE + +_See also_: + *note RANDOM_NUMBER:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: RANGE, Next: RAN, Prev: RAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.199 `RANGE' -- Decimal exponent range +======================================= + +_Description_: + `RANGE(X)' returns the decimal exponent range in the model of the + type of `X'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = RANGE(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL' or + `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer + kind. + +_See also_: + *note SELECTED_REAL_KIND::, *note PRECISION:: + +_Example_: + See `PRECISION' for an example. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: REAL, Next: RENAME, Prev: RAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.200 `REAL' -- Convert to real type +==================================== + +_Description_: + `REAL(A [, KIND])' converts its argument A to a real type. The + `REALPART' function is provided for compatibility with `g77', and + its use is strongly discouraged. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = REAL(A [, KIND])' + `RESULT = REALPART(Z)' + +_Arguments_: + A Shall be `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX'. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + These functions return a `REAL' variable or array under the + following rules: + + (A) + `REAL(A)' is converted to a default real type if A is an + integer or real variable. + + (B) + `REAL(A)' is converted to a real type with the kind type + parameter of A if A is a complex variable. + + (C) + `REAL(A, KIND)' is converted to a real type with kind type + parameter KIND if A is a complex, integer, or real variable. + +_Example_: + program test_real + complex :: x = (1.0, 2.0) + print *, real(x), real(x,8), realpart(x) + end program test_real + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `FLOAT(A)' `INTEGER(4)' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and + later + `DFLOAT(A)' `INTEGER(4)' `REAL(8)' GNU extension + `SNGL(A)' `INTEGER(8)' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and + later + +_See also_: + *note DBLE:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: RENAME, Next: REPEAT, Prev: REAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.201 `RENAME' -- Rename a file +=============================== + +_Description_: + Renames a file from file PATH1 to PATH2. A null character + (`CHAR(0)') can be used to mark the end of the names in PATH1 and + PATH2; otherwise, trailing blanks in the file names are ignored. + If the STATUS argument is supplied, it contains 0 on success or a + nonzero error code upon return; see `rename(2)'. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL RENAME(PATH1, PATH2 [, STATUS])' + `STATUS = RENAME(PATH1, PATH2)' + +_Arguments_: + PATH1 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. + PATH2 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. + STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type. + +_See also_: + *note LINK:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: REPEAT, Next: RESHAPE, Prev: RENAME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.202 `REPEAT' -- Repeated string concatenation +=============================================== + +_Description_: + Concatenates NCOPIES copies of a string. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = REPEAT(STRING, NCOPIES)' + +_Arguments_: + STRING Shall be scalar and of type `CHARACTER'. + NCOPIES Shall be scalar and of type `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + A new scalar of type `CHARACTER' built up from NCOPIES copies of + STRING. + +_Example_: + program test_repeat + write(*,*) repeat("x", 5) ! "xxxxx" + end program + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: RESHAPE, Next: RRSPACING, Prev: REPEAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.203 `RESHAPE' -- Function to reshape an array +=============================================== + +_Description_: + Reshapes SOURCE to correspond to SHAPE. If necessary, the new + array may be padded with elements from PAD or permuted as defined + by ORDER. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = RESHAPE(SOURCE, SHAPE[, PAD, ORDER])' + +_Arguments_: + SOURCE Shall be an array of any type. + SHAPE Shall be of type `INTEGER' and an array of + rank one. Its values must be positive or zero. + PAD (Optional) shall be an array of the same type + as SOURCE. + ORDER (Optional) shall be of type `INTEGER' and an + array of the same shape as SHAPE. Its values + shall be a permutation of the numbers from 1 + to n, where n is the size of SHAPE. If ORDER + is absent, the natural ordering shall be + assumed. + +_Return value_: + The result is an array of shape SHAPE with the same type as SOURCE. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_reshape + INTEGER, DIMENSION(4) :: x + WRITE(*,*) SHAPE(x) ! prints "4" + WRITE(*,*) SHAPE(RESHAPE(x, (/2, 2/))) ! prints "2 2" + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note SHAPE:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: RRSPACING, Next: RSHIFT, Prev: RESHAPE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.204 `RRSPACING' -- Reciprocal of the relative spacing +======================================================= + +_Description_: + `RRSPACING(X)' returns the reciprocal of the relative spacing of + model numbers near X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = RRSPACING(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X Shall be of type `REAL'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The value + returned is equal to `ABS(FRACTION(X)) * + FLOAT(RADIX(X))**DIGITS(X)'. + +_See also_: + *note SPACING:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: RSHIFT, Next: SAME_TYPE_AS, Prev: RRSPACING, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.205 `RSHIFT' -- Right shift bits +================================== + +_Description_: + `RSHIFT' returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits + shifted right by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is + greater than `BIT_SIZE(I)', the value is undefined. Bits shifted + out from the right end are lost. The fill is arithmetic: the bits + shifted in from the left end are equal to the leftmost bit, which + in two's complement representation is the sign bit. + + This function has been superseded by the `SHIFTA' intrinsic, which + is standard in Fortran 2008 and later. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = RSHIFT(I, SHIFT)' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be `INTEGER'. + SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. + +_See also_: + *note ISHFT::, *note ISHFTC::, *note LSHIFT::, *note SHIFTA::, + *note SHIFTR::, *note SHIFTL:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SAME_TYPE_AS, Next: SCALE, Prev: RSHIFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.206 `SAME_TYPE_AS' -- Query dynamic types for equality +========================================================= + +_Description_: + Query dynamic types for equality. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SAME_TYPE_AS(A, B)' + +_Arguments_: + A Shall be an object of extensible declared type + or unlimited polymorphic. + B Shall be an object of extensible declared type + or unlimited polymorphic. + +_Return value_: + The return value is a scalar of type default logical. It is true + if and only if the dynamic type of A is the same as the dynamic + type of B. + +_See also_: + *note EXTENDS_TYPE_OF:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SCALE, Next: SCAN, Prev: SAME_TYPE_AS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.207 `SCALE' -- Scale a real value +=================================== + +_Description_: + `SCALE(X,I)' returns `X * RADIX(X)**I'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SCALE(X, I)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type of the argument shall be a `REAL'. + I The type of the argument shall be a `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of the same type and kind as X. Its value is + `X * RADIX(X)**I'. + +_Example_: + program test_scale + real :: x = 178.1387e-4 + integer :: i = 5 + print *, scale(x,i), x*radix(x)**i + end program test_scale + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SCAN, Next: SECNDS, Prev: SCALE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.208 `SCAN' -- Scan a string for the presence of a set of characters +===================================================================== + +_Description_: + Scans a STRING for any of the characters in a SET of characters. + + If BACK is either absent or equals `FALSE', this function returns + the position of the leftmost character of STRING that is in SET. + If BACK equals `TRUE', the rightmost position is returned. If no + character of SET is found in STRING, the result is zero. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SCAN(STRING, SET[, BACK [, KIND]])' + +_Arguments_: + STRING Shall be of type `CHARACTER'. + SET Shall be of type `CHARACTER'. + BACK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL'. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is + absent, the return value is of default integer kind. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_scan + WRITE(*,*) SCAN("FORTRAN", "AO") ! 2, found 'O' + WRITE(*,*) SCAN("FORTRAN", "AO", .TRUE.) ! 6, found 'A' + WRITE(*,*) SCAN("FORTRAN", "C++") ! 0, found none + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note INDEX intrinsic::, *note VERIFY:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SECNDS, Next: SECOND, Prev: SCAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.209 `SECNDS' -- Time function +=============================== + +_Description_: + `SECNDS(X)' gets the time in seconds from the real-time system + clock. X is a reference time, also in seconds. If this is zero, + the time in seconds from midnight is returned. This function is + non-standard and its use is discouraged. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SECNDS (X)' + +_Arguments_: + T Shall be of type `REAL(4)'. + X Shall be of type `REAL(4)'. + +_Return value_: + None + +_Example_: + program test_secnds + integer :: i + real(4) :: t1, t2 + print *, secnds (0.0) ! seconds since midnight + t1 = secnds (0.0) ! reference time + do i = 1, 10000000 ! do something + end do + t2 = secnds (t1) ! elapsed time + print *, "Something took ", t2, " seconds." + end program test_secnds + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SECOND, Next: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND, Prev: SECNDS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.210 `SECOND' -- CPU time function +=================================== + +_Description_: + Returns a `REAL(4)' value representing the elapsed CPU time in + seconds. This provides the same functionality as the standard + `CPU_TIME' intrinsic, and is only included for backwards + compatibility. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL SECOND(TIME)' + `TIME = SECOND()' + +_Arguments_: + TIME Shall be of type `REAL(4)'. + +_Return value_: + In either syntax, TIME is set to the process's current runtime in + seconds. + +_See also_: + *note CPU_TIME:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND, Next: SELECTED_INT_KIND, Prev: SECOND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.211 `SELECTED_CHAR_KIND' -- Choose character kind +=================================================== + +_Description_: + `SELECTED_CHAR_KIND(NAME)' returns the kind value for the character + set named NAME, if a character set with such a name is supported, + or -1 otherwise. Currently, supported character sets include + "ASCII" and "DEFAULT", which are equivalent, and "ISO_10646" + (Universal Character Set, UCS-4) which is commonly known as + Unicode. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SELECTED_CHAR_KIND(NAME)' + +_Arguments_: + NAME Shall be a scalar and of the default character + type. + +_Example_: + program character_kind + use iso_fortran_env + implicit none + integer, parameter :: ascii = selected_char_kind ("ascii") + integer, parameter :: ucs4 = selected_char_kind ('ISO_10646') + + character(kind=ascii, len=26) :: alphabet + character(kind=ucs4, len=30) :: hello_world + + alphabet = ascii_"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" + hello_world = ucs4_'Hello World and Ni Hao -- ' & + // char (int (z'4F60'), ucs4) & + // char (int (z'597D'), ucs4) + + write (*,*) alphabet + + open (output_unit, encoding='UTF-8') + write (*,*) trim (hello_world) + end program character_kind + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SELECTED_INT_KIND, Next: SELECTED_REAL_KIND, Prev: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.212 `SELECTED_INT_KIND' -- Choose integer kind +================================================ + +_Description_: + `SELECTED_INT_KIND(R)' return the kind value of the smallest + integer type that can represent all values ranging from -10^R + (exclusive) to 10^R (exclusive). If there is no integer kind that + accommodates this range, `SELECTED_INT_KIND' returns -1. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SELECTED_INT_KIND(R)' + +_Arguments_: + R Shall be a scalar and of type `INTEGER'. + +_Example_: + program large_integers + integer,parameter :: k5 = selected_int_kind(5) + integer,parameter :: k15 = selected_int_kind(15) + integer(kind=k5) :: i5 + integer(kind=k15) :: i15 + + print *, huge(i5), huge(i15) + + ! The following inequalities are always true + print *, huge(i5) >= 10_k5**5-1 + print *, huge(i15) >= 10_k15**15-1 + end program large_integers + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SELECTED_REAL_KIND, Next: SET_EXPONENT, Prev: SELECTED_INT_KIND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.213 `SELECTED_REAL_KIND' -- Choose real kind +============================================== + +_Description_: + `SELECTED_REAL_KIND(P,R)' returns the kind value of a real data + type with decimal precision of at least `P' digits, exponent range + of at least `R', and with a radix of `RADIX'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later, with `RADIX' Fortran 2008 or later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SELECTED_REAL_KIND([P, R, RADIX])' + +_Arguments_: + P (Optional) shall be a scalar and of type + `INTEGER'. + R (Optional) shall be a scalar and of type + `INTEGER'. + RADIX (Optional) shall be a scalar and of type + `INTEGER'. + Before Fortran 2008, at least one of the arguments R or P shall be + present; since Fortran 2008, they are assumed to be zero if absent. + +_Return value_: + `SELECTED_REAL_KIND' returns the value of the kind type parameter + of a real data type with decimal precision of at least `P' digits, + a decimal exponent range of at least `R', and with the requested + `RADIX'. If the `RADIX' parameter is absent, real kinds with any + radix can be returned. If more than one real data type meet the + criteria, the kind of the data type with the smallest decimal + precision is returned. If no real data type matches the criteria, + the result is + -1 if the processor does not support a real data type with a + precision greater than or equal to `P', but the `R' and + `RADIX' requirements can be fulfilled + + -2 if the processor does not support a real type with an exponent + range greater than or equal to `R', but `P' and `RADIX' are + fulfillable + + -3 if `RADIX' but not `P' and `R' requirements + are fulfillable + + -4 if `RADIX' and either `P' or `R' requirements + are fulfillable + + -5 if there is no real type with the given `RADIX' + +_See also_: + *note PRECISION::, *note RANGE::, *note RADIX:: + +_Example_: + program real_kinds + integer,parameter :: p6 = selected_real_kind(6) + integer,parameter :: p10r100 = selected_real_kind(10,100) + integer,parameter :: r400 = selected_real_kind(r=400) + real(kind=p6) :: x + real(kind=p10r100) :: y + real(kind=r400) :: z + + print *, precision(x), range(x) + print *, precision(y), range(y) + print *, precision(z), range(z) + end program real_kinds + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SET_EXPONENT, Next: SHAPE, Prev: SELECTED_REAL_KIND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.214 `SET_EXPONENT' -- Set the exponent of the model +===================================================== + +_Description_: + `SET_EXPONENT(X, I)' returns the real number whose fractional part + is that that of X and whose exponent part is I. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SET_EXPONENT(X, I)' + +_Arguments_: + X Shall be of type `REAL'. + I Shall be of type `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real + number whose fractional part is that that of X and whose exponent + part if I is returned; it is `FRACTION(X) * RADIX(X)**I'. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_setexp + REAL :: x = 178.1387e-4 + INTEGER :: i = 17 + PRINT *, SET_EXPONENT(x, i), FRACTION(x) * RADIX(x)**i + END PROGRAM + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SHAPE, Next: SHIFTA, Prev: SET_EXPONENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.215 `SHAPE' -- Determine the shape of an array +================================================ + +_Description_: + Determines the shape of an array. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SHAPE(SOURCE [, KIND])' + +_Arguments_: + SOURCE Shall be an array or scalar of any type. If + SOURCE is a pointer it must be associated and + allocatable arrays must be allocated. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + An `INTEGER' array of rank one with as many elements as SOURCE has + dimensions. The elements of the resulting array correspond to the + extend of SOURCE along the respective dimensions. If SOURCE is a + scalar, the result is the rank one array of size zero. If KIND is + absent, the return value has the default integer kind otherwise + the specified kind. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_shape + INTEGER, DIMENSION(-1:1, -1:2) :: A + WRITE(*,*) SHAPE(A) ! (/ 3, 4 /) + WRITE(*,*) SIZE(SHAPE(42)) ! (/ /) + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note RESHAPE::, *note SIZE:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SHIFTA, Next: SHIFTL, Prev: SHAPE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.216 `SHIFTA' -- Right shift with fill +======================================= + +_Description_: + `SHIFTA' returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits + shifted right by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is + greater than `BIT_SIZE(I)', the value is undefined. Bits shifted + out from the right end are lost. The fill is arithmetic: the bits + shifted in from the left end are equal to the leftmost bit, which + in two's complement representation is the sign bit. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SHIFTA(I, SHIFT)' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be `INTEGER'. + SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. + +_See also_: + *note SHIFTL::, *note SHIFTR:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SHIFTL, Next: SHIFTR, Prev: SHIFTA, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.217 `SHIFTL' -- Left shift +============================ + +_Description_: + `SHIFTL' returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits + shifted left by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is + greater than `BIT_SIZE(I)', the value is undefined. Bits shifted + out from the left end are lost, and bits shifted in from the right + end are set to 0. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SHIFTL(I, SHIFT)' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be `INTEGER'. + SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. + +_See also_: + *note SHIFTA::, *note SHIFTR:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SHIFTR, Next: SIGN, Prev: SHIFTL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.218 `SHIFTR' -- Right shift +============================= + +_Description_: + `SHIFTR' returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits + shifted right by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is + greater than `BIT_SIZE(I)', the value is undefined. Bits shifted + out from the right end are lost, and bits shifted in from the left + end are set to 0. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SHIFTR(I, SHIFT)' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be `INTEGER'. + SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. + +_See also_: + *note SHIFTA::, *note SHIFTL:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SIGN, Next: SIGNAL, Prev: SHIFTR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.219 `SIGN' -- Sign copying function +===================================== + +_Description_: + `SIGN(A,B)' returns the value of A with the sign of B. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SIGN(A, B)' + +_Arguments_: + A Shall be of type `INTEGER' or `REAL' + B Shall be of the same type and kind as A + +_Return value_: + The kind of the return value is that of A and B. If B\ge 0 then + the result is `ABS(A)', else it is `-ABS(A)'. + +_Example_: + program test_sign + print *, sign(-12,1) + print *, sign(-12,0) + print *, sign(-12,-1) + + print *, sign(-12.,1.) + print *, sign(-12.,0.) + print *, sign(-12.,-1.) + end program test_sign + +_Specific names_: + Name Arguments Return type Standard + `SIGN(A,B)' `REAL(4) A, `REAL(4)' f77, gnu + B' + `ISIGN(A,B)' `INTEGER(4) `INTEGER(4)' f77, gnu + A, B' + `DSIGN(A,B)' `REAL(8) A, `REAL(8)' f77, gnu + B' + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SIGNAL, Next: SIN, Prev: SIGN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.220 `SIGNAL' -- Signal handling subroutine (or function) +========================================================== + +_Description_: + `SIGNAL(NUMBER, HANDLER [, STATUS])' causes external subroutine + HANDLER to be executed with a single integer argument when signal + NUMBER occurs. If HANDLER is an integer, it can be used to turn + off handling of signal NUMBER or revert to its default action. + See `signal(2)'. + + If `SIGNAL' is called as a subroutine and the STATUS argument is + supplied, it is set to the value returned by `signal(2)'. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL SIGNAL(NUMBER, HANDLER [, STATUS])' + `STATUS = SIGNAL(NUMBER, HANDLER)' + +_Arguments_: + NUMBER Shall be a scalar integer, with `INTENT(IN)' + HANDLER Signal handler (`INTEGER FUNCTION' or + `SUBROUTINE') or dummy/global `INTEGER' scalar. + `INTEGER'. It is `INTENT(IN)'. + STATUS (Optional) STATUS shall be a scalar integer. + It has `INTENT(OUT)'. + +_Return value_: + The `SIGNAL' function returns the value returned by `signal(2)'. + +_Example_: + program test_signal + intrinsic signal + external handler_print + + call signal (12, handler_print) + call signal (10, 1) + + call sleep (30) + end program test_signal + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SIN, Next: SINH, Prev: SIGNAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.221 `SIN' -- Sine function +============================ + +_Description_: + `SIN(X)' computes the sine of X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SIN(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value has same type and kind as X. + +_Example_: + program test_sin + real :: x = 0.0 + x = sin(x) + end program test_sin + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `SIN(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' f77, gnu + `DSIN(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' f95, gnu + `CSIN(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' f95, gnu + X' + `ZSIN(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' f95, gnu + X' + `CDSIN(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' f95, gnu + X' + +_See also_: + *note ASIN:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SINH, Next: SIZE, Prev: SIN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.222 `SINH' -- Hyperbolic sine function +======================================== + +_Description_: + `SINH(X)' computes the hyperbolic sine of X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SINH(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value has same type and kind as X. + +_Example_: + program test_sinh + real(8) :: x = - 1.0_8 + x = sinh(x) + end program test_sinh + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `SINH(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 95 and + later + `DSINH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and + later + +_See also_: + *note ASINH:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SIZE, Next: SIZEOF, Prev: SINH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.223 `SIZE' -- Determine the size of an array +============================================== + +_Description_: + Determine the extent of ARRAY along a specified dimension DIM, or + the total number of elements in ARRAY if DIM is absent. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SIZE(ARRAY[, DIM [, KIND]])' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY Shall be an array of any type. If ARRAY is a + pointer it must be associated and allocatable + arrays must be allocated. + DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' + and its value shall be in the range from 1 to + n, where n equals the rank of ARRAY. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is + absent, the return value is of default integer kind. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_size + WRITE(*,*) SIZE((/ 1, 2 /)) ! 2 + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note SHAPE::, *note RESHAPE:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SIZEOF, Next: SLEEP, Prev: SIZE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.224 `SIZEOF' -- Size in bytes of an expression +================================================ + +_Description_: + `SIZEOF(X)' calculates the number of bytes of storage the + expression `X' occupies. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Intrinsic function + +_Syntax_: + `N = SIZEOF(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The argument shall be of any type, rank or + shape. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type integer and of the system-dependent + kind C_SIZE_T (from the ISO_C_BINDING module). Its value is the + number of bytes occupied by the argument. If the argument has the + `POINTER' attribute, the number of bytes of the storage area + pointed to is returned. If the argument is of a derived type with + `POINTER' or `ALLOCATABLE' components, the return value doesn't + account for the sizes of the data pointed to by these components. + If the argument is polymorphic, the size according to the declared + type is returned. + +_Example_: + integer :: i + real :: r, s(5) + print *, (sizeof(s)/sizeof(r) == 5) + end + The example will print `.TRUE.' unless you are using a platform + where default `REAL' variables are unusually padded. + +_See also_: + *note C_SIZEOF::, *note STORAGE_SIZE:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SLEEP, Next: SPACING, Prev: SIZEOF, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.225 `SLEEP' -- Sleep for the specified number of seconds +========================================================== + +_Description_: + Calling this subroutine causes the process to pause for SECONDS + seconds. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL SLEEP(SECONDS)' + +_Arguments_: + SECONDS The type shall be of default `INTEGER'. + +_Example_: + program test_sleep + call sleep(5) + end + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SPACING, Next: SPREAD, Prev: SLEEP, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.226 `SPACING' -- Smallest distance between two numbers of a given type +======================================================================== + +_Description_: + Determines the distance between the argument X and the nearest + adjacent number of the same type. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SPACING(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X Shall be of type `REAL'. + +_Return value_: + The result is of the same type as the input argument X. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_spacing + INTEGER, PARAMETER :: SGL = SELECTED_REAL_KIND(p=6, r=37) + INTEGER, PARAMETER :: DBL = SELECTED_REAL_KIND(p=13, r=200) + + WRITE(*,*) spacing(1.0_SGL) ! "1.1920929E-07" on i686 + WRITE(*,*) spacing(1.0_DBL) ! "2.220446049250313E-016" on i686 + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note RRSPACING:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SPREAD, Next: SQRT, Prev: SPACING, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.227 `SPREAD' -- Add a dimension to an array +============================================= + +_Description_: + Replicates a SOURCE array NCOPIES times along a specified + dimension DIM. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SPREAD(SOURCE, DIM, NCOPIES)' + +_Arguments_: + SOURCE Shall be a scalar or an array of any type and + a rank less than seven. + DIM Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' with a + value in the range from 1 to n+1, where n + equals the rank of SOURCE. + NCOPIES Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The result is an array of the same type as SOURCE and has rank n+1 + where n equals the rank of SOURCE. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_spread + INTEGER :: a = 1, b(2) = (/ 1, 2 /) + WRITE(*,*) SPREAD(A, 1, 2) ! "1 1" + WRITE(*,*) SPREAD(B, 1, 2) ! "1 1 2 2" + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note UNPACK:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SQRT, Next: SRAND, Prev: SPREAD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.228 `SQRT' -- Square-root function +==================================== + +_Description_: + `SQRT(X)' computes the square root of X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SQRT(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. The kind type + parameter is the same as X. + +_Example_: + program test_sqrt + real(8) :: x = 2.0_8 + complex :: z = (1.0, 2.0) + x = sqrt(x) + z = sqrt(z) + end program test_sqrt + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `SQRT(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 95 and + later + `DSQRT(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and + later + `CSQRT(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' Fortran 95 and + X' later + `ZSQRT(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension + X' + `CDSQRT(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension + X' + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SRAND, Next: STAT, Prev: SQRT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.229 `SRAND' -- Reinitialize the random number generator +========================================================= + +_Description_: + `SRAND' reinitializes the pseudo-random number generator called by + `RAND' and `IRAND'. The new seed used by the generator is + specified by the required argument SEED. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL SRAND(SEED)' + +_Arguments_: + SEED Shall be a scalar `INTEGER(kind=4)'. + +_Return value_: + Does not return anything. + +_Example_: + See `RAND' and `IRAND' for examples. + +_Notes_: + The Fortran 2003 standard specifies the intrinsic `RANDOM_SEED' to + initialize the pseudo-random numbers generator and `RANDOM_NUMBER' + to generate pseudo-random numbers. Please note that in GNU + Fortran, these two sets of intrinsics (`RAND', `IRAND' and `SRAND' + on the one hand, `RANDOM_NUMBER' and `RANDOM_SEED' on the other + hand) access two independent pseudo-random number generators. + +_See also_: + *note RAND::, *note RANDOM_SEED::, *note RANDOM_NUMBER:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: STAT, Next: STORAGE_SIZE, Prev: SRAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.230 `STAT' -- Get file status +=============================== + +_Description_: + This function returns information about a file. No permissions are + required on the file itself, but execute (search) permission is + required on all of the directories in path that lead to the file. + + The elements that are obtained and stored in the array `VALUES': + `VALUES(1)'Device ID + `VALUES(2)'Inode number + `VALUES(3)'File mode + `VALUES(4)'Number of links + `VALUES(5)'Owner's uid + `VALUES(6)'Owner's gid + `VALUES(7)'ID of device containing directory entry for + file (0 if not available) + `VALUES(8)'File size (bytes) + `VALUES(9)'Last access time + `VALUES(10)'Last modification time + `VALUES(11)'Last file status change time + `VALUES(12)'Preferred I/O block size (-1 if not available) + `VALUES(13)'Number of blocks allocated (-1 if not + available) + + Not all these elements are relevant on all systems. If an element + is not relevant, it is returned as 0. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL STAT(NAME, VALUES [, STATUS])' + `STATUS = STAT(NAME, VALUES)' + +_Arguments_: + NAME The type shall be `CHARACTER', of the default + kind and a valid path within the file system. + VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER(4), DIMENSION(13)'. + STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER(4)'. + Returns 0 on success and a system specific + error code otherwise. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_stat + INTEGER, DIMENSION(13) :: buff + INTEGER :: status + + CALL STAT("/etc/passwd", buff, status) + + IF (status == 0) THEN + WRITE (*, FMT="('Device ID:', T30, I19)") buff(1) + WRITE (*, FMT="('Inode number:', T30, I19)") buff(2) + WRITE (*, FMT="('File mode (octal):', T30, O19)") buff(3) + WRITE (*, FMT="('Number of links:', T30, I19)") buff(4) + WRITE (*, FMT="('Owner''s uid:', T30, I19)") buff(5) + WRITE (*, FMT="('Owner''s gid:', T30, I19)") buff(6) + WRITE (*, FMT="('Device where located:', T30, I19)") buff(7) + WRITE (*, FMT="('File size:', T30, I19)") buff(8) + WRITE (*, FMT="('Last access time:', T30, A19)") CTIME(buff(9)) + WRITE (*, FMT="('Last modification time', T30, A19)") CTIME(buff(10)) + WRITE (*, FMT="('Last status change time:', T30, A19)") CTIME(buff(11)) + WRITE (*, FMT="('Preferred block size:', T30, I19)") buff(12) + WRITE (*, FMT="('No. of blocks allocated:', T30, I19)") buff(13) + END IF + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + To stat an open file: *note FSTAT::, to stat a link: *note LSTAT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: STORAGE_SIZE, Next: SUM, Prev: STAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.231 `STORAGE_SIZE' -- Storage size in bits +============================================ + +_Description_: + Returns the storage size of argument A in bits. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = STORAGE_SIZE(A [, KIND])' + +_Arguments_: + A Shall be a scalar or array of any type. + KIND (Optional) shall be a scalar integer constant + expression. + +_Return Value_: + The result is a scalar integer with the kind type parameter + specified by KIND (or default integer type if KIND is missing). + The result value is the size expressed in bits for an element of + an array that has the dynamic type and type parameters of A. + +_See also_: + *note C_SIZEOF::, *note SIZEOF:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SUM, Next: SYMLNK, Prev: STORAGE_SIZE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.232 `SUM' -- Sum of array elements +==================================== + +_Description_: + Adds the elements of ARRAY along dimension DIM if the + corresponding element in MASK is `TRUE'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = SUM(ARRAY[, MASK])' + `RESULT = SUM(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK])' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER', `REAL' or + `COMPLEX'. + DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' + with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n + equals the rank of ARRAY. + MASK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL' and + either be a scalar or an array of the same + shape as ARRAY. + +_Return value_: + The result is of the same type as ARRAY. + + If DIM is absent, a scalar with the sum of all elements in ARRAY + is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals the + rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with dimension + DIM dropped is returned. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_sum + INTEGER :: x(5) = (/ 1, 2, 3, 4 ,5 /) + print *, SUM(x) ! all elements, sum = 15 + print *, SUM(x, MASK=MOD(x, 2)==1) ! odd elements, sum = 9 + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note PRODUCT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SYMLNK, Next: SYSTEM, Prev: SUM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.233 `SYMLNK' -- Create a symbolic link +======================================== + +_Description_: + Makes a symbolic link from file PATH1 to PATH2. A null character + (`CHAR(0)') can be used to mark the end of the names in PATH1 and + PATH2; otherwise, trailing blanks in the file names are ignored. + If the STATUS argument is supplied, it contains 0 on success or a + nonzero error code upon return; see `symlink(2)'. If the system + does not supply `symlink(2)', `ENOSYS' is returned. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL SYMLNK(PATH1, PATH2 [, STATUS])' + `STATUS = SYMLNK(PATH1, PATH2)' + +_Arguments_: + PATH1 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. + PATH2 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. + STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type. + +_See also_: + *note LINK::, *note UNLINK:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SYSTEM, Next: SYSTEM_CLOCK, Prev: SYMLNK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.234 `SYSTEM' -- Execute a shell command +========================================= + +_Description_: + Passes the command COMMAND to a shell (see `system(3)'). If + argument STATUS is present, it contains the value returned by + `system(3)', which is presumably 0 if the shell command succeeded. + Note that which shell is used to invoke the command is + system-dependent and environment-dependent. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + + Note that the `system' function need not be thread-safe. It is the + responsibility of the user to ensure that `system' is not called + concurrently. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL SYSTEM(COMMAND [, STATUS])' + `STATUS = SYSTEM(COMMAND)' + +_Arguments_: + COMMAND Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. + STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type. + +_See also_: + *note EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE::, which is part of the Fortran 2008 + standard and should considered in new code for future portability. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: SYSTEM_CLOCK, Next: TAN, Prev: SYSTEM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.235 `SYSTEM_CLOCK' -- Time function +===================================== + +_Description_: + Determines the COUNT of a processor clock since an unspecified + time in the past modulo COUNT_MAX, COUNT_RATE determines the + number of clock ticks per second. If the platform supports a high + resolution monotonic clock, that clock is used and can provide up + to nanosecond resolution. If a high resolution monotonic clock is + not available, the implementation falls back to a potentially lower + resolution realtime clock. + + COUNT_RATE and COUNT_MAX vary depending on the kind of the + arguments. For KIND=8 arguments, COUNT represents nanoseconds, + and for KIND=4 arguments, COUNT represents milliseconds. Other + than the kind dependency, COUNT_RATE and COUNT_MAX are constant, + however the particular values are specific to `gfortran'. + + If there is no clock, COUNT is set to `-HUGE(COUNT)', and + COUNT_RATE and COUNT_MAX are set to zero. + + When running on a platform using the GNU C library (glibc), or a + derivative thereof, the high resolution monotonic clock is + available only when linking with the RT library. This can be done + explicitly by adding the `-lrt' flag when linking the application, + but is also done implicitly when using OpenMP. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Subroutine + +_Syntax_: + `CALL SYSTEM_CLOCK([COUNT, COUNT_RATE, COUNT_MAX])' + +_Arguments_: + COUNT (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' + with `INTENT(OUT)'. + COUNT_RATE (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' + with `INTENT(OUT)'. + COUNT_MAX (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' + with `INTENT(OUT)'. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_system_clock + INTEGER :: count, count_rate, count_max + CALL SYSTEM_CLOCK(count, count_rate, count_max) + WRITE(*,*) count, count_rate, count_max + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note DATE_AND_TIME::, *note CPU_TIME:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: TAN, Next: TANH, Prev: SYSTEM_CLOCK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.236 `TAN' -- Tangent function +=============================== + +_Description_: + `TAN(X)' computes the tangent of X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = TAN(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value has same type and kind as X. + +_Example_: + program test_tan + real(8) :: x = 0.165_8 + x = tan(x) + end program test_tan + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `TAN(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 95 and + later + `DTAN(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and + later + +_See also_: + *note ATAN:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: TANH, Next: THIS_IMAGE, Prev: TAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.237 `TANH' -- Hyperbolic tangent function +=========================================== + +_Description_: + `TANH(X)' computes the hyperbolic tangent of X. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `X = TANH(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. + +_Return value_: + The return value has same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the + imaginary part of the result is in radians. If X is `REAL', the + return value lies in the range - 1 \leq tanh(x) \leq 1 . + +_Example_: + program test_tanh + real(8) :: x = 2.1_8 + x = tanh(x) + end program test_tanh + +_Specific names_: + Name Argument Return type Standard + `TANH(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 95 and + later + `DTANH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and + later + +_See also_: + *note ATANH:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: THIS_IMAGE, Next: TIME, Prev: TANH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.238 `THIS_IMAGE' -- Function that returns the cosubscript index of this image +=============================================================================== + +_Description_: + Returns the cosubscript for this image. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = THIS_IMAGE()' + `RESULT = THIS_IMAGE(COARRAY [, DIM])' + +_Arguments_: + COARRAY Coarray of any type (optional; if DIM + present, required). + DIM default integer scalar (optional). If present, + DIM shall be between one and the corank of + COARRAY. + +_Return value_: + Default integer. If COARRAY is not present, it is scalar and its + value is the index of the invoking image. Otherwise, if DIM is not + present, a rank-1 array with corank elements is returned, + containing the cosubscripts for COARRAY specifying the invoking + image. If DIM is present, a scalar is returned, with the value of + the DIM element of `THIS_IMAGE(COARRAY)'. + +_Example_: + INTEGER :: value[*] + INTEGER :: i + value = THIS_IMAGE() + SYNC ALL + IF (THIS_IMAGE() == 1) THEN + DO i = 1, NUM_IMAGES() + WRITE(*,'(2(a,i0))') 'value[', i, '] is ', value[i] + END DO + END IF + +_See also_: + *note NUM_IMAGES::, *note IMAGE_INDEX:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: TIME, Next: TIME8, Prev: THIS_IMAGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.239 `TIME' -- Time function +============================= + +_Description_: + Returns the current time encoded as an integer (in the manner of + the UNIX function `time(3)'). This value is suitable for passing to + `CTIME', `GMTIME', and `LTIME'. + + This intrinsic is not fully portable, such as to systems with + 32-bit `INTEGER' types but supporting times wider than 32 bits. + Therefore, the values returned by this intrinsic might be, or + become, negative, or numerically less than previous values, during + a single run of the compiled program. + + See *note TIME8::, for information on a similar intrinsic that + might be portable to more GNU Fortran implementations, though to + fewer Fortran compilers. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = TIME()' + +_Return value_: + The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER(4)'. + +_See also_: + *note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note MCLOCK::, + *note TIME8:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: TIME8, Next: TINY, Prev: TIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.240 `TIME8' -- Time function (64-bit) +======================================= + +_Description_: + Returns the current time encoded as an integer (in the manner of + the UNIX function `time(3)'). This value is suitable for passing to + `CTIME', `GMTIME', and `LTIME'. + + _Warning:_ this intrinsic does not increase the range of the timing + values over that returned by `time(3)'. On a system with a 32-bit + `time(3)', `TIME8' will return a 32-bit value, even though it is + converted to a 64-bit `INTEGER(8)' value. That means overflows of + the 32-bit value can still occur. Therefore, the values returned + by this intrinsic might be or become negative or numerically less + than previous values during a single run of the compiled program. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = TIME8()' + +_Return value_: + The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER(8)'. + +_See also_: + *note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note MCLOCK8::, + *note TIME:: + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: TINY, Next: TRAILZ, Prev: TIME8, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.241 `TINY' -- Smallest positive number of a real kind +======================================================= + +_Description_: + `TINY(X)' returns the smallest positive (non zero) number in the + model of the type of `X'. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = TINY(X)' + +_Arguments_: + X Shall be of type `REAL'. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of the same type and kind as X + +_Example_: + See `HUGE' for an example. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: TRAILZ, Next: TRANSFER, Prev: TINY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.242 `TRAILZ' -- Number of trailing zero bits of an integer +============================================================ + +_Description_: + `TRAILZ' returns the number of trailing zero bits of an integer. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = TRAILZ(I)' + +_Arguments_: + I Shall be of type `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The type of the return value is the default `INTEGER'. If all the + bits of `I' are zero, the result value is `BIT_SIZE(I)'. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_trailz + WRITE (*,*) TRAILZ(8) ! prints 3 + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note BIT_SIZE::, *note LEADZ::, *note POPPAR::, *note POPCNT:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: TRANSFER, Next: TRANSPOSE, Prev: TRAILZ, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.243 `TRANSFER' -- Transfer bit patterns +========================================= + +_Description_: + Interprets the bitwise representation of SOURCE in memory as if it + is the representation of a variable or array of the same type and + type parameters as MOLD. + + This is approximately equivalent to the C concept of _casting_ one + type to another. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = TRANSFER(SOURCE, MOLD[, SIZE])' + +_Arguments_: + SOURCE Shall be a scalar or an array of any type. + MOLD Shall be a scalar or an array of any type. + SIZE (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'. + +_Return value_: + The result has the same type as MOLD, with the bit level + representation of SOURCE. If SIZE is present, the result is a + one-dimensional array of length SIZE. If SIZE is absent but MOLD + is an array (of any size or shape), the result is a one- + dimensional array of the minimum length needed to contain the + entirety of the bitwise representation of SOURCE. If SIZE is + absent and MOLD is a scalar, the result is a scalar. + + If the bitwise representation of the result is longer than that of + SOURCE, then the leading bits of the result correspond to those of + SOURCE and any trailing bits are filled arbitrarily. + + When the resulting bit representation does not correspond to a + valid representation of a variable of the same type as MOLD, the + results are undefined, and subsequent operations on the result + cannot be guaranteed to produce sensible behavior. For example, + it is possible to create `LOGICAL' variables for which `VAR' and + `.NOT.VAR' both appear to be true. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_transfer + integer :: x = 2143289344 + print *, transfer(x, 1.0) ! prints "NaN" on i686 + END PROGRAM + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: TRANSPOSE, Next: TRIM, Prev: TRANSFER, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.244 `TRANSPOSE' -- Transpose an array of rank two +=================================================== + +_Description_: + Transpose an array of rank two. Element (i, j) of the result has + the value `MATRIX(j, i)', for all i, j. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = TRANSPOSE(MATRIX)' + +_Arguments_: + MATRIX Shall be an array of any type and have a rank + of two. + +_Return value_: + The result has the same type as MATRIX, and has shape `(/ m, n /)' + if MATRIX has shape `(/ n, m /)'. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: TRIM, Next: TTYNAM, Prev: TRANSPOSE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.245 `TRIM' -- Remove trailing blank characters of a string +============================================================ + +_Description_: + Removes trailing blank characters of a string. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = TRIM(STRING)' + +_Arguments_: + STRING Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER'. + +_Return value_: + A scalar of type `CHARACTER' which length is that of STRING less + the number of trailing blanks. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_trim + CHARACTER(len=10), PARAMETER :: s = "GFORTRAN " + WRITE(*,*) LEN(s), LEN(TRIM(s)) ! "10 8", with/without trailing blanks + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note ADJUSTL::, *note ADJUSTR:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: TTYNAM, Next: UBOUND, Prev: TRIM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.246 `TTYNAM' -- Get the name of a terminal device. +==================================================== + +_Description_: + Get the name of a terminal device. For more information, see + `ttyname(3)'. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL TTYNAM(UNIT, NAME)' + `NAME = TTYNAM(UNIT)' + +_Arguments_: + UNIT Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'. + NAME Shall be of type `CHARACTER'. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_ttynam + INTEGER :: unit + DO unit = 1, 10 + IF (isatty(unit=unit)) write(*,*) ttynam(unit) + END DO + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note ISATTY:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: UBOUND, Next: UCOBOUND, Prev: TTYNAM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.247 `UBOUND' -- Upper dimension bounds of an array +==================================================== + +_Description_: + Returns the upper bounds of an array, or a single upper bound + along the DIM dimension. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = UBOUND(ARRAY [, DIM [, KIND]])' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY Shall be an array, of any type. + DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is + absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is + absent, the result is an array of the upper bounds of ARRAY. If + DIM is present, the result is a scalar corresponding to the upper + bound of the array along that dimension. If ARRAY is an + expression rather than a whole array or array structure component, + or if it has a zero extent along the relevant dimension, the upper + bound is taken to be the number of elements along the relevant + dimension. + +_See also_: + *note LBOUND::, *note LCOBOUND:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: UCOBOUND, Next: UMASK, Prev: UBOUND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.248 `UCOBOUND' -- Upper codimension bounds of an array +======================================================== + +_Description_: + Returns the upper cobounds of a coarray, or a single upper cobound + along the DIM codimension. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2008 and later + +_Class_: + Inquiry function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = UCOBOUND(COARRAY [, DIM [, KIND]])' + +_Arguments_: + ARRAY Shall be an coarray, of any type. + DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is + absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is + absent, the result is an array of the lower cobounds of COARRAY. + If DIM is present, the result is a scalar corresponding to the + lower cobound of the array along that codimension. + +_See also_: + *note LCOBOUND::, *note LBOUND:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: UMASK, Next: UNLINK, Prev: UCOBOUND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.249 `UMASK' -- Set the file creation mask +=========================================== + +_Description_: + Sets the file creation mask to MASK. If called as a function, it + returns the old value. If called as a subroutine and argument OLD + if it is supplied, it is set to the old value. See `umask(2)'. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL UMASK(MASK [, OLD])' + `OLD = UMASK(MASK)' + +_Arguments_: + MASK Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'. + OLD (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'. + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: UNLINK, Next: UNPACK, Prev: UMASK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.250 `UNLINK' -- Remove a file from the file system +==================================================== + +_Description_: + Unlinks the file PATH. A null character (`CHAR(0)') can be used to + mark the end of the name in PATH; otherwise, trailing blanks in + the file name are ignored. If the STATUS argument is supplied, it + contains 0 on success or a nonzero error code upon return; see + `unlink(2)'. + + This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; + however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Subroutine, function + +_Syntax_: + `CALL UNLINK(PATH [, STATUS])' + `STATUS = UNLINK(PATH)' + +_Arguments_: + PATH Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. + STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type. + +_See also_: + *note LINK::, *note SYMLNK:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: UNPACK, Next: VERIFY, Prev: UNLINK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.251 `UNPACK' -- Unpack an array of rank one into an array +=========================================================== + +_Description_: + Store the elements of VECTOR in an array of higher rank. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later + +_Class_: + Transformational function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = UNPACK(VECTOR, MASK, FIELD)' + +_Arguments_: + VECTOR Shall be an array of any type and rank one. It + shall have at least as many elements as MASK + has `TRUE' values. + MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL'. + FIELD Shall be of the same type as VECTOR and have + the same shape as MASK. + +_Return value_: + The resulting array corresponds to FIELD with `TRUE' elements of + MASK replaced by values from VECTOR in array element order. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_unpack + integer :: vector(2) = (/1,1/) + logical :: mask(4) = (/ .TRUE., .FALSE., .FALSE., .TRUE. /) + integer :: field(2,2) = 0, unity(2,2) + + ! result: unity matrix + unity = unpack(vector, reshape(mask, (/2,2/)), field) + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note PACK::, *note SPREAD:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: VERIFY, Next: XOR, Prev: UNPACK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.252 `VERIFY' -- Scan a string for characters not a given set +============================================================== + +_Description_: + Verifies that all the characters in STRING belong to the set of + characters in SET. + + If BACK is either absent or equals `FALSE', this function returns + the position of the leftmost character of STRING that is not in + SET. If BACK equals `TRUE', the rightmost position is returned. If + all characters of STRING are found in SET, the result is zero. + +_Standard_: + Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later + +_Class_: + Elemental function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = VERIFY(STRING, SET[, BACK [, KIND]])' + +_Arguments_: + STRING Shall be of type `CHARACTER'. + SET Shall be of type `CHARACTER'. + BACK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL'. + KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization + expression indicating the kind parameter of + the result. + +_Return value_: + The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is + absent, the return value is of default integer kind. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_verify + WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "AO") ! 1, found 'F' + WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "FOO") ! 3, found 'R' + WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "C++") ! 1, found 'F' + WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "C++", .TRUE.) ! 7, found 'N' + WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "FORTRAN") ! 0' found none + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + *note SCAN::, *note INDEX intrinsic:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: XOR, Prev: VERIFY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures + +8.253 `XOR' -- Bitwise logical exclusive OR +=========================================== + +_Description_: + Bitwise logical exclusive or. + + This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with + GNU Fortran 77. For integer arguments, programmers should consider + the use of the *note IEOR:: intrinsic and for logical arguments the + `.NEQV.' operator, which are both defined by the Fortran standard. + +_Standard_: + GNU extension + +_Class_: + Function + +_Syntax_: + `RESULT = XOR(I, J)' + +_Arguments_: + I The type shall be either a scalar `INTEGER' + type or a scalar `LOGICAL' type. + J The type shall be the same as the type of I. + +_Return value_: + The return type is either a scalar `INTEGER' or a scalar + `LOGICAL'. If the kind type parameters differ, then the smaller + kind type is implicitly converted to larger kind, and the return + has the larger kind. + +_Example_: + PROGRAM test_xor + LOGICAL :: T = .TRUE., F = .FALSE. + INTEGER :: a, b + DATA a / Z'F' /, b / Z'3' / + + WRITE (*,*) XOR(T, T), XOR(T, F), XOR(F, T), XOR(F, F) + WRITE (*,*) XOR(a, b) + END PROGRAM + +_See also_: + Fortran 95 elemental function: *note IEOR:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Intrinsic Modules, Next: Contributing, Prev: Intrinsic Procedures, Up: Top + +9 Intrinsic Modules +******************* + +* Menu: + +* ISO_FORTRAN_ENV:: +* ISO_C_BINDING:: +* OpenMP Modules OMP_LIB and OMP_LIB_KINDS:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ISO_FORTRAN_ENV, Next: ISO_C_BINDING, Up: Intrinsic Modules + +9.1 `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV' +===================== + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2003 and later, except when otherwise noted + + The `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV' module provides the following scalar +default-integer named constants: + +`ATOMIC_INT_KIND': + Default-kind integer constant to be used as kind parameter when + defining integer variables used in atomic operations. (Fortran + 2008 or later.) + +`ATOMIC_LOGICAL_KIND': + Default-kind integer constant to be used as kind parameter when + defining logical variables used in atomic operations. (Fortran + 2008 or later.) + +`CHARACTER_KINDS': + Default-kind integer constant array of rank one containing the + supported kind parameters of the `CHARACTER' type. (Fortran 2008 + or later.) + +`CHARACTER_STORAGE_SIZE': + Size in bits of the character storage unit. + +`ERROR_UNIT': + Identifies the preconnected unit used for error reporting. + +`FILE_STORAGE_SIZE': + Size in bits of the file-storage unit. + +`INPUT_UNIT': + Identifies the preconnected unit identified by the asterisk (`*') + in `READ' statement. + +`INT8', `INT16', `INT32', `INT64': + Kind type parameters to specify an INTEGER type with a storage + size of 16, 32, and 64 bits. It is negative if a target platform + does not support the particular kind. (Fortran 2008 or later.) + +`INTEGER_KINDS': + Default-kind integer constant array of rank one containing the + supported kind parameters of the `INTEGER' type. (Fortran 2008 or + later.) + +`IOSTAT_END': + The value assigned to the variable passed to the `IOSTAT=' + specifier of an input/output statement if an end-of-file condition + occurred. + +`IOSTAT_EOR': + The value assigned to the variable passed to the `IOSTAT=' + specifier of an input/output statement if an end-of-record + condition occurred. + +`IOSTAT_INQUIRE_INTERNAL_UNIT': + Scalar default-integer constant, used by `INQUIRE' for the + `IOSTAT=' specifier to denote an that a unit number identifies an + internal unit. (Fortran 2008 or later.) + +`NUMERIC_STORAGE_SIZE': + The size in bits of the numeric storage unit. + +`LOGICAL_KINDS': + Default-kind integer constant array of rank one containing the + supported kind parameters of the `LOGICAL' type. (Fortran 2008 or + later.) + +`OUTPUT_UNIT': + Identifies the preconnected unit identified by the asterisk (`*') + in `WRITE' statement. + +`REAL32', `REAL64', `REAL128': + Kind type parameters to specify a REAL type with a storage size of + 32, 64, and 128 bits. It is negative if a target platform does not + support the particular kind. (Fortran 2008 or later.) + +`REAL_KINDS': + Default-kind integer constant array of rank one containing the + supported kind parameters of the `REAL' type. (Fortran 2008 or + later.) + +`STAT_LOCKED': + Scalar default-integer constant used as STAT= return value by + `LOCK' to denote that the lock variable is locked by the executing + image. (Fortran 2008 or later.) + +`STAT_LOCKED_OTHER_IMAGE': + Scalar default-integer constant used as STAT= return value by + `UNLOCK' to denote that the lock variable is locked by another + image. (Fortran 2008 or later.) + +`STAT_STOPPED_IMAGE': + Positive, scalar default-integer constant used as STAT= return + value if the argument in the statement requires synchronisation + with an image, which has initiated the termination of the + execution. (Fortran 2008 or later.) + +`STAT_UNLOCKED': + Scalar default-integer constant used as STAT= return value by + `UNLOCK' to denote that the lock variable is unlocked. (Fortran + 2008 or later.) + + The module also provides the following intrinsic procedures: *note +COMPILER_OPTIONS:: and *note COMPILER_VERSION::. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: ISO_C_BINDING, Next: OpenMP Modules OMP_LIB and OMP_LIB_KINDS, Prev: ISO_FORTRAN_ENV, Up: Intrinsic Modules + +9.2 `ISO_C_BINDING' +=================== + +_Standard_: + Fortran 2003 and later, GNU extensions + + The following intrinsic procedures are provided by the module; their +definition can be found in the section Intrinsic Procedures of this +manual. + +`C_ASSOCIATED' + +`C_F_POINTER' + +`C_F_PROCPOINTER' + +`C_FUNLOC' + +`C_LOC' + +`C_SIZEOF' + + The `ISO_C_BINDING' module provides the following named constants of +type default integer, which can be used as KIND type parameters. + + In addition to the integer named constants required by the Fortran +2003 standard, GNU Fortran provides as an extension named constants for +the 128-bit integer types supported by the C compiler: `C_INT128_T, +C_INT_LEAST128_T, C_INT_FAST128_T'. + +Fortran Named constant C type Extension +Type +`INTEGER' `C_INT' `int' +`INTEGER' `C_SHORT' `short int' +`INTEGER' `C_LONG' `long int' +`INTEGER' `C_LONG_LONG' `long long int' +`INTEGER' `C_SIGNED_CHAR' `signed char'/`unsigned + char' +`INTEGER' `C_SIZE_T' `size_t' +`INTEGER' `C_INT8_T' `int8_t' +`INTEGER' `C_INT16_T' `int16_t' +`INTEGER' `C_INT32_T' `int32_t' +`INTEGER' `C_INT64_T' `int64_t' +`INTEGER' `C_INT128_T' `int128_t' Ext. +`INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST8_T' `int_least8_t' +`INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST16_T' `int_least16_t' +`INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST32_T' `int_least32_t' +`INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST64_T' `int_least64_t' +`INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST128_T' `int_least128_t' Ext. +`INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST8_T' `int_fast8_t' +`INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST16_T' `int_fast16_t' +`INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST32_T' `int_fast32_t' +`INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST64_T' `int_fast64_t' +`INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST128_T' `int_fast128_t' Ext. +`INTEGER' `C_INTMAX_T' `intmax_t' +`INTEGER' `C_INTPTR_T' `intptr_t' +`REAL' `C_FLOAT' `float' +`REAL' `C_DOUBLE' `double' +`REAL' `C_LONG_DOUBLE' `long double' +`COMPLEX' `C_FLOAT_COMPLEX' `float _Complex' +`COMPLEX' `C_DOUBLE_COMPLEX' `double _Complex' +`COMPLEX' `C_LONG_DOUBLE_COMPLEX' `long double _Complex' +`LOGICAL' `C_BOOL' `_Bool' +`CHARACTER' `C_CHAR' `char' + + Additionally, the following parameters of type +`CHARACTER(KIND=C_CHAR)' are defined. + +Name C definition Value +`C_NULL_CHAR' null character `'\0'' +`C_ALERT' alert `'\a'' +`C_BACKSPACE' backspace `'\b'' +`C_FORM_FEED' form feed `'\f'' +`C_NEW_LINE' new line `'\n'' +`C_CARRIAGE_RETURN'carriage return `'\r'' +`C_HORIZONTAL_TAB'horizontal tab `'\t'' +`C_VERTICAL_TAB'vertical tab `'\v'' + + Moreover, the following two named constants are defined: + +Name Type +`C_NULL_PTR' `C_PTR' +`C_NULL_FUNPTR'`C_FUNPTR' + + Both are equivalent to the value `NULL' in C. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: OpenMP Modules OMP_LIB and OMP_LIB_KINDS, Prev: ISO_C_BINDING, Up: Intrinsic Modules + +9.3 OpenMP Modules `OMP_LIB' and `OMP_LIB_KINDS' +================================================ + +_Standard_: + OpenMP Application Program Interface v3.0 + + The OpenMP Fortran runtime library routines are provided both in a +form of two Fortran 90 modules, named `OMP_LIB' and `OMP_LIB_KINDS', +and in a form of a Fortran `include' file named `omp_lib.h'. The +procedures provided by `OMP_LIB' can be found in the *note +Introduction: (libgomp)Top. manual, the named constants defined in the +modules are listed below. + + For details refer to the actual OpenMP Application Program Interface +v3.0 (http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/spec30.pdf). + + `OMP_LIB_KINDS' provides the following scalar default-integer named +constants: + +`omp_integer_kind' + +`omp_logical_kind' + +`omp_lock_kind' + +`omp_nest_lock_kind' + +`omp_sched_kind' + + `OMP_LIB' provides the scalar default-integer named constant +`openmp_version' with a value of the form YYYYMM, where `yyyy' is the +year and MM the month of the OpenMP version; for OpenMP v3.0 the value +is `200805'. + + And the following scalar integer named constants of the kind +`omp_sched_kind': + +`omp_sched_static' + +`omp_sched_dynamic' + +`omp_sched_guided' + +`omp_sched_auto' + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Contributing, Next: Copying, Prev: Intrinsic Modules, Up: Top + +Contributing +************ + +Free software is only possible if people contribute to efforts to +create it. We're always in need of more people helping out with ideas +and comments, writing documentation and contributing code. + + If you want to contribute to GNU Fortran, have a look at the long +lists of projects you can take on. Some of these projects are small, +some of them are large; some are completely orthogonal to the rest of +what is happening on GNU Fortran, but others are "mainstream" projects +in need of enthusiastic hackers. All of these projects are important! +We'll eventually get around to the things here, but they are also +things doable by someone who is willing and able. + +* Menu: + +* Contributors:: +* Projects:: +* Proposed Extensions:: + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Contributors, Next: Projects, Up: Contributing + +Contributors to GNU Fortran +=========================== + +Most of the parser was hand-crafted by _Andy Vaught_, who is also the +initiator of the whole project. Thanks Andy! Most of the interface +with GCC was written by _Paul Brook_. + + The following individuals have contributed code and/or ideas and +significant help to the GNU Fortran project (in alphabetical order): + + - Janne Blomqvist + + - Steven Bosscher + + - Paul Brook + + - Tobias Burnus + + - Franc,ois-Xavier Coudert + + - Bud Davis + + - Jerry DeLisle + + - Erik Edelmann + + - Bernhard Fischer + + - Daniel Franke + + - Richard Guenther + + - Richard Henderson + + - Katherine Holcomb + + - Jakub Jelinek + + - Niels Kristian Bech Jensen + + - Steven Johnson + + - Steven G. Kargl + + - Thomas Koenig + + - Asher Langton + + - H. J. Lu + + - Toon Moene + + - Brooks Moses + + - Andrew Pinski + + - Tim Prince + + - Christopher D. Rickett + + - Richard Sandiford + + - Tobias Schlu"ter + + - Roger Sayle + + - Paul Thomas + + - Andy Vaught + + - Feng Wang + + - Janus Weil + + - Daniel Kraft + + The following people have contributed bug reports, smaller or larger +patches, and much needed feedback and encouragement for the GNU Fortran +project: + + - Bill Clodius + + - Dominique d'Humie`res + + - Kate Hedstrom + + - Erik Schnetter + + - Joost VandeVondele + + Many other individuals have helped debug, test and improve the GNU +Fortran compiler over the past few years, and we welcome you to do the +same! If you already have done so, and you would like to see your name +listed in the list above, please contact us. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Projects, Next: Proposed Extensions, Prev: Contributors, Up: Contributing + +Projects +======== + +_Help build the test suite_ + Solicit more code for donation to the test suite: the more + extensive the testsuite, the smaller the risk of breaking things + in the future! We can keep code private on request. + +_Bug hunting/squishing_ + Find bugs and write more test cases! Test cases are especially very + welcome, because it allows us to concentrate on fixing bugs + instead of isolating them. Going through the bugzilla database at + `http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/' to reduce testcases posted there and + add more information (for example, for which version does the + testcase work, for which versions does it fail?) is also very + helpful. + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Proposed Extensions, Prev: Projects, Up: Contributing + +Proposed Extensions +=================== + +Here's a list of proposed extensions for the GNU Fortran compiler, in +no particular order. Most of these are necessary to be fully +compatible with existing Fortran compilers, but they are not part of +the official J3 Fortran 95 standard. + +Compiler extensions: +-------------------- + + * User-specified alignment rules for structures. + + * Automatically extend single precision constants to double. + + * Compile code that conserves memory by dynamically allocating + common and module storage either on stack or heap. + + * Compile flag to generate code for array conformance checking + (suggest -CC). + + * User control of symbol names (underscores, etc). + + * Compile setting for maximum size of stack frame size before + spilling parts to static or heap. + + * Flag to force local variables into static space. + + * Flag to force local variables onto stack. + +Environment Options +------------------- + + * Pluggable library modules for random numbers, linear algebra. LA + should use BLAS calling conventions. + + * Environment variables controlling actions on arithmetic exceptions + like overflow, underflow, precision loss--Generate NaN, abort, + default. action. + + * Set precision for fp units that support it (i387). + + * Variable for setting fp rounding mode. + + * Variable to fill uninitialized variables with a user-defined bit + pattern. + + * Environment variable controlling filename that is opened for that + unit number. + + * Environment variable to clear/trash memory being freed. + + * Environment variable to control tracing of allocations and frees. + + * Environment variable to display allocated memory at normal program + end. + + * Environment variable for filename for * IO-unit. + + * Environment variable for temporary file directory. + + * Environment variable forcing standard output to be line buffered + (unix). + + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Copying, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Contributing, Up: Top + +GNU General Public License +************************** + + Version 3, 29 June 2007 + + Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. `http://fsf.org/' + + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this + license document, but changing it is not allowed. + +Preamble +======== + +The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software +and other kinds of works. + + The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed +to take away your freedom to share and change the works. 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It is safest +to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively +state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the +"copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. + + ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES. + Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR + + This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify + it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at + your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but + WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU + General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program. If not, see `http://www.gnu.org/licenses/'. + + Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper +mail. + + If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short +notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: + + PROGRAM Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR + This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. + This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it + under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. + + The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the +appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your +program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would +use an "about box". + + You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or +school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if +necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow +the GNU GPL, see `http://www.gnu.org/licenses/'. + + The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your +program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine +library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary +applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the +GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, +please read `http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html'. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Funding, Prev: Copying, Up: Top + +GNU Free Documentation License +****************************** + + Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 + + Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + `http://fsf.org/' + + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies + of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. + + 0. PREAMBLE + + The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other + functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to + assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, + with or without modifying it, either commercially or + noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the + author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not + being considered responsible for modifications made by others. + + This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative + works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. + It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft + license designed for free software. + + We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for + free software, because free software needs free documentation: a + free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms + that the software does. But this License is not limited to + software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless + of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. + We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is + instruction or reference. + + 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS + + This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, + that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it + can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice + grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, + to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The + "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member + of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You + accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a + way requiring permission under copyright law. + + A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the + Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with + modifications and/or translated into another language. + + A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section + of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the + publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall + subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could + fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document + is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not + explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of + historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or + of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position + regarding them. + + The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose + titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in + the notice that says that the Document is released under this + License. If a section does not fit the above definition of + Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. + The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document + does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none. + + The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are + listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice + that says that the Document is released under this License. A + Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may + be at most 25 words. + + A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, + represented in a format whose specification is available to the + general public, that is suitable for revising the document + straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images + composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some + widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to + text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of + formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an + otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of + markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent + modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is + not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A + copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". + + Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain + ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, + SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and + standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for + human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include + PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that + can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or + XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally + available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF + produced by some word processors for output purposes only. + + The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, + plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the + material this License requires to appear in the title page. For + works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title + Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the + work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text. + + The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies + of the Document to the public. + + A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document + whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses + following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ + stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as + "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) + To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the + Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according + to this definition. + + The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice + which states that this License applies to the Document. These + Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in + this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other + implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and + has no effect on the meaning of this License. + + 2. VERBATIM COPYING + + You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either + commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the + copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License + applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you + add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You + may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading + or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, + you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you + distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow + the conditions in section 3. + + You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, + and you may publicly display copies. + + 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY + + If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly + have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and + the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must + enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all + these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and + Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly + and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The + front cover must present the full title with all words of the + title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material + on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the + covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and + satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in + other respects. + + If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit + legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit + reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto + adjacent pages. + + If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document + numbering more than 100, you must either include a + machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or + state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from + which the general network-using public has access to download + using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent + copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the + latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you + begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that + this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated + location until at least one year after the last time you + distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or + retailers) of that edition to the public. + + It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of + the Document well before redistributing any large number of + copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated + version of the Document. + + 4. MODIFICATIONS + + You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document + under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you + release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with + the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus + licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to + whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these + things in the Modified Version: + + A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title + distinct from that of the Document, and from those of + previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed + in the History section of the Document). You may use the + same title as a previous version if the original publisher of + that version gives permission. + + B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or + entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in + the Modified Version, together with at least five of the + principal authors of the Document (all of its principal + authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you + from this requirement. + + C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the + Modified Version, as the publisher. + + D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. + + E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications + adjacent to the other copyright notices. + + F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license + notice giving the public permission to use the Modified + Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in + the Addendum below. + + G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant + Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's + license notice. + + H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. + + I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, + and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new + authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on + the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in + the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, + and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, + then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in + the previous sentence. + + J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document + for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and + likewise the network locations given in the Document for + previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in + the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a + work that was published at least four years before the + Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version + it refers to gives permission. + + K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", + Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the + section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor + acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein. + + L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, + unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers + or the equivalent are not considered part of the section + titles. + + M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section + may not be included in the Modified Version. + + N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled + "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant + Section. + + O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. + + If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or + appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no + material copied from the Document, you may at your option + designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, + add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified + Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any + other section titles. + + You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains + nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various + parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text + has been approved by an organization as the authoritative + definition of a standard. + + You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, + and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end + of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one + passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be + added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the + Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, + previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity + you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may + replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous + publisher that added the old one. + + The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this + License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to + assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. + + 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS + + You may combine the Document with other documents released under + this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for + modified versions, provided that you include in the combination + all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, + unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your + combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all + their Warranty Disclaimers. + + The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and + multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single + copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name + but different contents, make the title of each such section unique + by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the + original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a + unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in + the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the + combined work. + + In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled + "History" in the various original documents, forming one section + Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled + "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You + must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements." + + 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS + + You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other + documents released under this License, and replace the individual + copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy + that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the + rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the + documents in all other respects. + + You may extract a single document from such a collection, and + distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert + a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow + this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of + that document. + + 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS + + A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other + separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of + a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the + copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the + legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual + works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this + License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which + are not themselves derivative works of the Document. + + If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these + copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half + of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed + on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the + electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic + form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket + the whole aggregate. + + 8. TRANSLATION + + Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may + distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section + 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special + permission from their copyright holders, but you may include + translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the + original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a + translation of this License, and all the license notices in the + Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also + include the original English version of this License and the + original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a + disagreement between the translation and the original version of + this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will + prevail. + + If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", + "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to + Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the + actual title. + + 9. TERMINATION + + You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document + except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt + otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, + and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. + + However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your + license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) + provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly + and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the + copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some + reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation. + + Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is + reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the + violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have + received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from + that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days + after your receipt of the notice. + + Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate + the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from + you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and + not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of + the same material does not give you any rights to use it. + + 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE + + The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of + the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new + versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may + differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See + `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'. + + Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version + number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered + version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you + have the option of following the terms and conditions either of + that specified version or of any later version that has been + published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If + the Document does not specify a version number of this License, + you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the + Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy + can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that + proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently + authorizes you to choose that version for the Document. + + 11. RELICENSING + + "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any + World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also + provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A + public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. + A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the + site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC + site. + + "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 + license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit + corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, + California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license + published by that same organization. + + "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or + in part, as part of another Document. + + An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this + License, and if all works that were first published under this + License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently + incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover + texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior + to November 1, 2008. + + The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the + site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, + 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. + + +ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents +==================================================== + +To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of +the License in the document and put the following copyright and license +notices just after the title page: + + Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document + under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 + or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; + with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover + Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU + Free Documentation License''. + + If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover +Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: + + with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with + the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts + being LIST. + + If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other +combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the +situation. + + If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we +recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of +free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to +permit their use in free software. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Funding, Next: Option Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top + +Funding Free Software +********************* + +If you want to have more free software a few years from now, it makes +sense for you to help encourage people to contribute funds for its +development. The most effective approach known is to encourage +commercial redistributors to donate. + + Users of free software systems can boost the pace of development by +encouraging for-a-fee distributors to donate part of their selling price +to free software developers--the Free Software Foundation, and others. + + The way to convince distributors to do this is to demand it and +expect it from them. So when you compare distributors, judge them +partly by how much they give to free software development. Show +distributors they must compete to be the one who gives the most. + + To make this approach work, you must insist on numbers that you can +compare, such as, "We will donate ten dollars to the Frobnitz project +for each disk sold." Don't be satisfied with a vague promise, such as +"A portion of the profits are donated," since it doesn't give a basis +for comparison. + + Even a precise fraction "of the profits from this disk" is not very +meaningful, since creative accounting and unrelated business decisions +can greatly alter what fraction of the sales price counts as profit. +If the price you pay is $50, ten percent of the profit is probably less +than a dollar; it might be a few cents, or nothing at all. + + Some redistributors do development work themselves. This is useful +too; but to keep everyone honest, you need to inquire how much they do, +and what kind. Some kinds of development make much more long-term +difference than others. For example, maintaining a separate version of +a program contributes very little; maintaining the standard version of a +program for the whole community contributes much. Easy new ports +contribute little, since someone else would surely do them; difficult +ports such as adding a new CPU to the GNU Compiler Collection +contribute more; major new features or packages contribute the most. + + By establishing the idea that supporting further development is "the +proper thing to do" when distributing free software for a fee, we can +assure a steady flow of resources into making more free software. + + Copyright (C) 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Verbatim copying and redistribution of this section is permitted + without royalty; alteration is not permitted. + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Option Index, Next: Keyword Index, Prev: Funding, Up: Top + +Option Index +************ + +`gfortran''s command line options are indexed here without any initial +`-' or `--'. Where an option has both positive and negative forms +(such as -foption and -fno-option), relevant entries in the manual are +indexed under the most appropriate form; it may sometimes be useful to +look up both forms. + + +* Menu: + +* A-PREDICATE=ANSWER: Preprocessing Options. + (line 120) +* APREDICATE=ANSWER: Preprocessing Options. + (line 114) +* backslash: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 60) +* C: Preprocessing Options. + (line 123) +* CC: Preprocessing Options. + (line 138) +* cpp: Preprocessing Options. + (line 12) +* dD: Preprocessing Options. + (line 35) +* dI: Preprocessing Options. + (line 51) +* dM: Preprocessing Options. + (line 26) +* dN: Preprocessing Options. + (line 41) +* DNAME: Preprocessing Options. + (line 153) +* DNAME=DEFINITION: Preprocessing Options. + (line 156) +* dU: Preprocessing Options. + (line 44) +* falign-commons: Code Gen Options. (line 318) +* fall-intrinsics: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 17) +* fbacktrace: Debugging Options. (line 41) +* fblas-matmul-limit: Code Gen Options. (line 274) +* fbounds-check: Code Gen Options. (line 206) +* fcheck: Code Gen Options. (line 157) +* fcheck-array-temporaries: Code Gen Options. (line 209) +* fcoarray: Code Gen Options. (line 147) +* fconvert=CONVERSION: Runtime Options. (line 10) +* fcray-pointer: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 106) +* fd-lines-as-code: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 27) +* fd-lines-as-comments: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 27) +* fdefault-double-8: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 34) +* fdefault-integer-8: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 42) +* fdefault-real-8: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 47) +* fdollar-ok: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 54) +* fdump-core: Debugging Options. (line 48) +* fdump-fortran-optimized: Debugging Options. (line 15) +* fdump-fortran-original: Debugging Options. (line 10) +* fdump-parse-tree: Debugging Options. (line 18) +* fexternal-blas: Code Gen Options. (line 266) +* ff2c: Code Gen Options. (line 25) +* ffixed-line-length-N: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 77) +* ffpe-trap=LIST: Debugging Options. (line 24) +* ffree-form: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 11) +* ffree-line-length-N: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 90) +* fimplicit-none: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 101) +* finit-character: Code Gen Options. (line 294) +* finit-integer: Code Gen Options. (line 294) +* finit-local-zero: Code Gen Options. (line 294) +* finit-logical: Code Gen Options. (line 294) +* finit-real: Code Gen Options. (line 294) +* fintrinsic-modules-path DIR: Directory Options. (line 36) +* fmax-array-constructor: Code Gen Options. (line 212) +* fmax-errors=N: Error and Warning Options. + (line 27) +* fmax-identifier-length=N: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 97) +* fmax-stack-var-size: Code Gen Options. (line 230) +* fmax-subrecord-length=LENGTH: Runtime Options. (line 37) +* fmodule-private: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 72) +* fno-automatic: Code Gen Options. (line 15) +* fno-fixed-form: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 11) +* fno-protect-parens: Code Gen Options. (line 330) +* fno-range-check: Runtime Options. (line 21) +* fno-underscoring: Code Gen Options. (line 54) +* fno-whole-file: Code Gen Options. (line 113) +* fopenmp: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 110) +* fpack-derived: Code Gen Options. (line 244) +* fpp: Preprocessing Options. + (line 12) +* frange-check: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 118) +* frealloc-lhs: Code Gen Options. (line 338) +* frecord-marker=LENGTH: Runtime Options. (line 29) +* frecursive: Code Gen Options. (line 285) +* frepack-arrays: Code Gen Options. (line 250) +* fsecond-underscore: Code Gen Options. (line 130) +* fshort-enums <1>: Fortran 2003 status. (line 83) +* fshort-enums: Code Gen Options. (line 260) +* fsign-zero: Runtime Options. (line 42) +* fsyntax-only: Error and Warning Options. + (line 33) +* fworking-directory: Preprocessing Options. + (line 55) +* H: Preprocessing Options. + (line 176) +* IDIR: Directory Options. (line 14) +* idirafter DIR: Preprocessing Options. + (line 70) +* imultilib DIR: Preprocessing Options. + (line 77) +* iprefix PREFIX: Preprocessing Options. + (line 81) +* iquote DIR: Preprocessing Options. + (line 90) +* isysroot DIR: Preprocessing Options. + (line 86) +* isystem DIR: Preprocessing Options. + (line 97) +* JDIR: Directory Options. (line 29) +* MDIR: Directory Options. (line 29) +* nostdinc: Preprocessing Options. + (line 105) +* P: Preprocessing Options. + (line 181) +* pedantic: Error and Warning Options. + (line 38) +* pedantic-errors: Error and Warning Options. + (line 57) +* static-libgfortran: Link Options. (line 11) +* std=STD option: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 130) +* UNAME: Preprocessing Options. + (line 187) +* undef: Preprocessing Options. + (line 110) +* Waliasing: Error and Warning Options. + (line 69) +* Walign-commons: Error and Warning Options. + (line 184) +* Wall: Error and Warning Options. + (line 61) +* Wampersand: Error and Warning Options. + (line 86) +* Warray-temporaries: Error and Warning Options. + (line 94) +* Wcharacter-truncation: Error and Warning Options. + (line 99) +* Wconversion: Error and Warning Options. + (line 105) +* Wconversion-extra: Error and Warning Options. + (line 109) +* Werror: Error and Warning Options. + (line 190) +* Wimplicit-interface: Error and Warning Options. + (line 112) +* Wimplicit-procedure: Error and Warning Options. + (line 118) +* Wintrinsic-shadow: Error and Warning Options. + (line 167) +* Wintrinsics-std: Error and Warning Options. + (line 122) +* Wline-truncation: Error and Warning Options. + (line 102) +* Wreal-q-constant: Error and Warning Options. + (line 129) +* Wsurprising: Error and Warning Options. + (line 133) +* Wtabs: Error and Warning Options. + (line 155) +* Wunderflow: Error and Warning Options. + (line 163) +* Wunused-dummy-argument: Error and Warning Options. + (line 173) +* Wunused-parameter: Error and Warning Options. + (line 177) + + +File: gfortran.info, Node: Keyword Index, Prev: Option Index, Up: Top + +Keyword Index +************* + + +* Menu: + +* $: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 54) +* %LOC: Argument list functions. + (line 6) +* %REF: Argument list functions. + (line 6) +* %VAL: Argument list functions. + (line 6) +* &: Error and Warning Options. + (line 86) +* [...]: Fortran 2003 status. (line 68) +* _gfortran_set_args: _gfortran_set_args. (line 6) +* _gfortran_set_convert: _gfortran_set_convert. + (line 6) +* _gfortran_set_fpe: _gfortran_set_fpe. (line 6) +* _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length: _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length. + (line 6) +* _gfortran_set_options: _gfortran_set_options. + (line 6) +* _gfortran_set_record_marker: _gfortran_set_record_marker. + (line 6) +* ABORT: ABORT. (line 6) +* ABS: ABS. (line 6) +* absolute value: ABS. (line 6) +* ACCESS: ACCESS. (line 6) +* ACCESS='STREAM' I/O: Fortran 2003 status. (line 95) +* ACHAR: ACHAR. (line 6) +* ACOS: ACOS. (line 6) +* ACOSH: ACOSH. (line 6) +* adjust string <1>: ADJUSTR. (line 6) +* adjust string: ADJUSTL. (line 6) +* ADJUSTL: ADJUSTL. (line 6) +* ADJUSTR: ADJUSTR. (line 6) +* AIMAG: AIMAG. (line 6) +* AINT: AINT. (line 6) +* ALARM: ALARM. (line 6) +* ALGAMA: LOG_GAMMA. (line 6) +* aliasing: Error and Warning Options. + (line 69) +* alignment of COMMON blocks <1>: Code Gen Options. (line 318) +* alignment of COMMON blocks: Error and Warning Options. + (line 184) +* ALL: ALL. (line 6) +* all warnings: Error and Warning Options. + (line 61) +* ALLOCATABLE components of derived types: Fortran 2003 status. + (line 93) +* ALLOCATABLE dummy arguments: Fortran 2003 status. (line 89) +* ALLOCATABLE function results: Fortran 2003 status. (line 91) +* ALLOCATED: ALLOCATED. (line 6) +* allocation, moving: MOVE_ALLOC. (line 6) +* allocation, status: ALLOCATED. (line 6) +* ALOG: LOG. (line 6) +* ALOG10: LOG10. (line 6) +* AMAX0: MAX. (line 6) +* AMAX1: MAX. (line 6) +* AMIN0: MIN. (line 6) +* AMIN1: MIN. (line 6) +* AMOD: MOD. (line 6) +* AND: AND. (line 6) +* ANINT: ANINT. (line 6) +* ANY: ANY. (line 6) +* area hyperbolic cosine: ACOSH. (line 6) +* area hyperbolic sine: ASINH. (line 6) +* area hyperbolic tangent: ATANH. (line 6) +* argument list functions: Argument list functions. + (line 6) +* arguments, to program <1>: IARGC. (line 6) +* arguments, to program <2>: GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT. + (line 6) +* arguments, to program <3>: GET_COMMAND. (line 6) +* arguments, to program <4>: GETARG. (line 6) +* arguments, to program: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT. + (line 6) +* array, add elements: SUM. (line 6) +* array, AND: IALL. (line 6) +* array, apply condition <1>: ANY. (line 6) +* array, apply condition: ALL. (line 6) +* array, bounds checking: Code Gen Options. (line 157) +* array, change dimensions: RESHAPE. (line 6) +* array, combine arrays: MERGE. (line 6) +* array, condition testing <1>: ANY. (line 6) +* array, condition testing: ALL. (line 6) +* array, conditionally add elements: SUM. (line 6) +* array, conditionally count elements: COUNT. (line 6) +* array, conditionally multiply elements: PRODUCT. (line 6) +* array, constructors: Fortran 2003 status. (line 68) +* array, count elements: SIZE. (line 6) +* array, duplicate dimensions: SPREAD. (line 6) +* array, duplicate elements: SPREAD. (line 6) +* array, element counting: COUNT. (line 6) +* array, gather elements: PACK. (line 6) +* array, increase dimension <1>: UNPACK. (line 6) +* array, increase dimension: SPREAD. (line 6) +* array, indices of type real: Real array indices. (line 6) +* array, location of maximum element: MAXLOC. (line 6) +* array, location of minimum element: MINLOC. (line 6) +* array, lower bound: LBOUND. (line 6) +* array, maximum value: MAXVAL. (line 6) +* array, merge arrays: MERGE. (line 6) +* array, minimum value: MINVAL. (line 6) +* array, multiply elements: PRODUCT. (line 6) +* array, number of elements <1>: SIZE. (line 6) +* array, number of elements: COUNT. (line 6) +* array, OR: IANY. (line 6) +* array, packing: PACK. (line 6) +* array, parity: IPARITY. (line 6) +* array, permutation: CSHIFT. (line 6) +* array, product: PRODUCT. (line 6) +* array, reduce dimension: PACK. (line 6) +* array, rotate: CSHIFT. (line 6) +* array, scatter elements: UNPACK. (line 6) +* array, shape: SHAPE. (line 6) +* array, shift: EOSHIFT. (line 6) +* array, shift circularly: CSHIFT. (line 6) +* array, size: SIZE. (line 6) +* array, sum: SUM. (line 6) +* array, transmogrify: RESHAPE. (line 6) +* array, transpose: TRANSPOSE. (line 6) +* array, unpacking: UNPACK. (line 6) +* array, upper bound: UBOUND. (line 6) +* array, XOR: IPARITY. (line 6) +* ASCII collating sequence <1>: IACHAR. (line 6) +* ASCII collating sequence: ACHAR. (line 6) +* ASIN: ASIN. (line 6) +* ASINH: ASINH. (line 6) +* ASSOCIATED: ASSOCIATED. (line 6) +* association status: ASSOCIATED. (line 6) +* association status, C pointer: C_ASSOCIATED. (line 6) +* ATAN: ATAN. (line 6) +* ATAN2: ATAN2. (line 6) +* ATANH: ATANH. (line 6) +* Authors: Contributors. (line 6) +* backslash: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 60) +* backtrace: Debugging Options. (line 41) +* base 10 logarithm function: LOG10. (line 6) +* BESJ0: BESSEL_J0. (line 6) +* BESJ1: BESSEL_J1. (line 6) +* BESJN: BESSEL_JN. (line 6) +* Bessel function, first kind <1>: BESSEL_JN. (line 6) +* Bessel function, first kind <2>: BESSEL_J1. (line 6) +* Bessel function, first kind: BESSEL_J0. (line 6) +* Bessel function, second kind <1>: BESSEL_YN. (line 6) +* Bessel function, second kind <2>: BESSEL_Y1. (line 6) +* Bessel function, second kind: BESSEL_Y0. (line 6) +* BESSEL_J0: BESSEL_J0. (line 6) +* BESSEL_J1: BESSEL_J1. (line 6) +* BESSEL_JN: BESSEL_JN. (line 6) +* BESSEL_Y0: BESSEL_Y0. (line 6) +* BESSEL_Y1: BESSEL_Y1. (line 6) +* BESSEL_YN: BESSEL_YN. (line 6) +* BESY0: BESSEL_Y0. (line 6) +* BESY1: BESSEL_Y1. (line 6) +* BESYN: BESSEL_YN. (line 6) +* BGE: BGE. (line 6) +* BGT: BGT. (line 6) +* binary representation <1>: POPPAR. (line 6) +* binary representation: POPCNT. (line 6) +* BIT_SIZE: BIT_SIZE. (line 6) +* bits set: POPCNT. (line 6) +* bits, AND of array elements: IALL. (line 6) +* bits, clear: IBCLR. (line 6) +* bits, extract: IBITS. (line 6) +* bits, get: IBITS. (line 6) +* bits, merge: MERGE_BITS. (line 6) +* bits, move <1>: TRANSFER. (line 6) +* bits, move: MVBITS. (line 6) +* bits, negate: NOT. (line 6) +* bits, number of: BIT_SIZE. (line 6) +* bits, OR of array elements: IANY. (line 6) +* bits, set: IBSET. (line 6) +* bits, shift: ISHFT. (line 6) +* bits, shift circular: ISHFTC. (line 6) +* bits, shift left <1>: SHIFTL. (line 6) +* bits, shift left: LSHIFT. (line 6) +* bits, shift right <1>: SHIFTR. (line 6) +* bits, shift right <2>: SHIFTA. (line 6) +* bits, shift right: RSHIFT. (line 6) +* bits, testing: BTEST. (line 6) +* bits, unset: IBCLR. (line 6) +* bits, XOR of array elements: IPARITY. (line 6) +* bitwise comparison <1>: BLT. (line 6) +* bitwise comparison <2>: BLE. (line 6) +* bitwise comparison <3>: BGT. (line 6) +* bitwise comparison: BGE. (line 6) +* bitwise logical and <1>: IAND. (line 6) +* bitwise logical and: AND. (line 6) +* bitwise logical exclusive or <1>: XOR. (line 6) +* bitwise logical exclusive or: IEOR. (line 6) +* bitwise logical not: NOT. (line 6) +* bitwise logical or <1>: OR. (line 6) +* bitwise logical or: IOR. (line 6) +* BLE: BLE. (line 6) +* BLT: BLT. (line 6) +* bounds checking: Code Gen Options. (line 157) +* BOZ literal constants: BOZ literal constants. + (line 6) +* BTEST: BTEST. (line 6) +* C_ASSOCIATED: C_ASSOCIATED. (line 6) +* C_F_POINTER: C_F_POINTER. (line 6) +* C_F_PROCPOINTER: C_F_PROCPOINTER. (line 6) +* C_FUNLOC: C_FUNLOC. (line 6) +* C_LOC: C_LOC. (line 6) +* C_SIZEOF: C_SIZEOF. (line 6) +* CABS: ABS. (line 6) +* calling convention: Code Gen Options. (line 25) +* CCOS: COS. (line 6) +* CDABS: ABS. (line 6) +* CDCOS: COS. (line 6) +* CDEXP: EXP. (line 6) +* CDLOG: LOG. (line 6) +* CDSIN: SIN. (line 6) +* CDSQRT: SQRT. (line 6) +* ceiling: CEILING. (line 6) +* CEILING: CEILING. (line 6) +* ceiling: ANINT. (line 6) +* CEXP: EXP. (line 6) +* CHAR: CHAR. (line 6) +* character kind: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND. (line 6) +* character set: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 54) +* CHDIR: CHDIR. (line 6) +* checking array temporaries: Code Gen Options. (line 157) +* checking subscripts: Code Gen Options. (line 157) +* CHMOD: CHMOD. (line 6) +* clock ticks <1>: SYSTEM_CLOCK. (line 6) +* clock ticks <2>: MCLOCK8. (line 6) +* clock ticks: MCLOCK. (line 6) +* CLOG: LOG. (line 6) +* CMPLX: CMPLX. (line 6) +* coarray, IMAGE_INDEX: IMAGE_INDEX. (line 6) +* coarray, lower bound: LCOBOUND. (line 6) +* coarray, NUM_IMAGES: NUM_IMAGES. (line 6) +* coarray, THIS_IMAGE: THIS_IMAGE. (line 6) +* coarray, upper bound: UCOBOUND. (line 6) +* coarrays: Code Gen Options. (line 147) +* code generation, conventions: Code Gen Options. (line 6) +* collating sequence, ASCII <1>: IACHAR. (line 6) +* collating sequence, ASCII: ACHAR. (line 6) +* command line: EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE. + (line 6) +* command options: Invoking GNU Fortran. + (line 6) +* command-line arguments <1>: IARGC. (line 6) +* command-line arguments <2>: GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT. + (line 6) +* command-line arguments <3>: GET_COMMAND. (line 6) +* command-line arguments <4>: GETARG. (line 6) +* command-line arguments: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT. + (line 6) +* command-line arguments, number of <1>: IARGC. (line 6) +* command-line arguments, number of: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT. + (line 6) +* COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT. + (line 6) +* compiler flags inquiry function: COMPILER_OPTIONS. (line 6) +* compiler, name and version: COMPILER_VERSION. (line 6) +* COMPILER_OPTIONS: COMPILER_OPTIONS. (line 6) +* COMPILER_VERSION: COMPILER_VERSION. (line 6) +* COMPLEX: COMPLEX. (line 6) +* complex conjugate: CONJG. (line 6) +* Complex function: Alternate complex function syntax. + (line 6) +* complex numbers, conversion to <1>: DCMPLX. (line 6) +* complex numbers, conversion to <2>: COMPLEX. (line 6) +* complex numbers, conversion to: CMPLX. (line 6) +* complex numbers, imaginary part: AIMAG. (line 6) +* complex numbers, real part <1>: REAL. (line 6) +* complex numbers, real part: DREAL. (line 6) +* Conditional compilation: Preprocessing and conditional compilation. + (line 6) +* CONJG: CONJG. (line 6) +* Contributing: Contributing. (line 6) +* Contributors: Contributors. (line 6) +* conversion: Error and Warning Options. + (line 105) +* conversion, to character: CHAR. (line 6) +* conversion, to complex <1>: DCMPLX. (line 6) +* conversion, to complex <2>: COMPLEX. (line 6) +* conversion, to complex: CMPLX. (line 6) +* conversion, to integer <1>: LONG. (line 6) +* conversion, to integer <2>: INT8. (line 6) +* conversion, to integer <3>: INT2. (line 6) +* conversion, to integer <4>: INT. (line 6) +* conversion, to integer <5>: ICHAR. (line 6) +* conversion, to integer <6>: IACHAR. (line 6) +* conversion, to integer: Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values. + (line 6) +* conversion, to logical <1>: LOGICAL. (line 6) +* conversion, to logical: Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values. + (line 6) +* conversion, to real <1>: REAL. (line 6) +* conversion, to real: DBLE. (line 6) +* conversion, to string: CTIME. (line 6) +* CONVERT specifier: CONVERT specifier. (line 6) +* core, dump <1>: ABORT. (line 6) +* core, dump: Debugging Options. (line 48) +* COS: COS. (line 6) +* COSH: COSH. (line 6) +* cosine: COS. (line 6) +* cosine, hyperbolic: COSH. (line 6) +* cosine, hyperbolic, inverse: ACOSH. (line 6) +* cosine, inverse: ACOS. (line 6) +* COUNT: COUNT. (line 6) +* CPP <1>: Preprocessing Options. + (line 6) +* CPP: Preprocessing and conditional compilation. + (line 6) +* CPU_TIME: CPU_TIME. (line 6) +* Credits: Contributors. (line 6) +* CSHIFT: CSHIFT. (line 6) +* CSIN: SIN. (line 6) +* CSQRT: SQRT. (line 6) +* CTIME: CTIME. (line 6) +* current date <1>: IDATE. (line 6) +* current date <2>: FDATE. (line 6) +* current date: DATE_AND_TIME. (line 6) +* current time <1>: TIME8. (line 6) +* current time <2>: TIME. (line 6) +* current time <3>: ITIME. (line 6) +* current time <4>: FDATE. (line 6) +* current time: DATE_AND_TIME. (line 6) +* DABS: ABS. (line 6) +* DACOS: ACOS. (line 6) +* DACOSH: ACOSH. (line 6) +* DASIN: ASIN. (line 6) +* DASINH: ASINH. (line 6) +* DATAN: ATAN. (line 6) +* DATAN2: ATAN2. (line 6) +* DATANH: ATANH. (line 6) +* date, current <1>: IDATE. (line 6) +* date, current <2>: FDATE. (line 6) +* date, current: DATE_AND_TIME. (line 6) +* DATE_AND_TIME: DATE_AND_TIME. (line 6) +* DBESJ0: BESSEL_J0. (line 6) +* DBESJ1: BESSEL_J1. (line 6) +* DBESJN: BESSEL_JN. (line 6) +* DBESY0: BESSEL_Y0. (line 6) +* DBESY1: BESSEL_Y1. (line 6) +* DBESYN: BESSEL_YN. (line 6) +* DBLE: DBLE. (line 6) +* DCMPLX: DCMPLX. (line 6) +* DCONJG: CONJG. (line 6) +* DCOS: COS. (line 6) +* DCOSH: COSH. (line 6) +* DDIM: DIM. (line 6) +* debugging information options: Debugging Options. (line 6) +* debugging, preprocessor: Preprocessing Options. + (line 26) +* DECODE: ENCODE and DECODE statements. + (line 6) +* delayed execution <1>: SLEEP. (line 6) +* delayed execution: ALARM. (line 6) +* DEXP: EXP. (line 6) +* DFLOAT: REAL. (line 6) +* DGAMMA: GAMMA. (line 6) +* dialect options: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 6) +* DIGITS: DIGITS. (line 6) +* DIM: DIM. (line 6) +* DIMAG: AIMAG. (line 6) +* DINT: AINT. (line 6) +* directive, INCLUDE: Directory Options. (line 6) +* directory, options: Directory Options. (line 6) +* directory, search paths for inclusion: Directory Options. (line 14) +* division, modulo: MODULO. (line 6) +* division, remainder: MOD. (line 6) +* DLGAMA: LOG_GAMMA. (line 6) +* DLOG: LOG. (line 6) +* DLOG10: LOG10. (line 6) +* DMAX1: MAX. (line 6) +* DMIN1: MIN. (line 6) +* DMOD: MOD. (line 6) +* DNINT: ANINT. (line 6) +* dot product: DOT_PRODUCT. (line 6) +* DOT_PRODUCT: DOT_PRODUCT. (line 6) +* DPROD: DPROD. (line 6) +* DREAL: DREAL. (line 6) +* DSHIFTL: DSHIFTL. (line 6) +* DSHIFTR: DSHIFTR. (line 6) +* DSIGN: SIGN. (line 6) +* DSIN: SIN. (line 6) +* DSINH: SINH. (line 6) +* DSQRT: SQRT. (line 6) +* DTAN: TAN. (line 6) +* DTANH: TANH. (line 6) +* DTIME: DTIME. (line 6) +* dummy argument, unused: Error and Warning Options. + (line 173) +* elapsed time <1>: SECOND. (line 6) +* elapsed time <2>: SECNDS. (line 6) +* elapsed time: DTIME. (line 6) +* ENCODE: ENCODE and DECODE statements. + (line 6) +* ENUM statement: Fortran 2003 status. (line 83) +* ENUMERATOR statement: Fortran 2003 status. (line 83) +* environment variable <1>: GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE. + (line 6) +* environment variable <2>: GETENV. (line 6) +* environment variable <3>: Runtime. (line 6) +* environment variable: Environment Variables. + (line 6) +* EOSHIFT: EOSHIFT. (line 6) +* EPSILON: EPSILON. (line 6) +* ERF: ERF. (line 6) +* ERFC: ERFC. (line 6) +* ERFC_SCALED: ERFC_SCALED. (line 6) +* error function: ERF. (line 6) +* error function, complementary: ERFC. (line 6) +* error function, complementary, exponentially-scaled: ERFC_SCALED. + (line 6) +* errors, limiting: Error and Warning Options. + (line 27) +* escape characters: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 60) +* ETIME: ETIME. (line 6) +* Euclidean distance: HYPOT. (line 6) +* Euclidean vector norm: NORM2. (line 6) +* EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE: EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE. + (line 6) +* EXIT: EXIT. (line 6) +* EXP: EXP. (line 6) +* EXPONENT: EXPONENT. (line 6) +* exponential function: EXP. (line 6) +* exponential function, inverse <1>: LOG10. (line 6) +* exponential function, inverse: LOG. (line 6) +* expression size <1>: SIZEOF. (line 6) +* expression size: C_SIZEOF. (line 6) +* EXTENDS_TYPE_OF: EXTENDS_TYPE_OF. (line 6) +* extensions: Extensions. (line 6) +* extensions, implemented: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran. + (line 6) +* extensions, not implemented: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran. + (line 6) +* f2c calling convention: Code Gen Options. (line 25) +* Factorial function: GAMMA. (line 6) +* FDATE: FDATE. (line 6) +* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License. + (line 6) +* FGET: FGET. (line 6) +* FGETC: FGETC. (line 6) +* file format, fixed: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 11) +* file format, free: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 11) +* file operation, file number: FNUM. (line 6) +* file operation, flush: FLUSH. (line 6) +* file operation, position <1>: FTELL. (line 6) +* file operation, position: FSEEK. (line 6) +* file operation, read character <1>: FGETC. (line 6) +* file operation, read character: FGET. (line 6) +* file operation, seek: FSEEK. (line 6) +* file operation, write character <1>: FPUTC. (line 6) +* file operation, write character: FPUT. (line 6) +* file system, access mode: ACCESS. (line 6) +* file system, change access mode: CHMOD. (line 6) +* file system, create link <1>: SYMLNK. (line 6) +* file system, create link: LINK. (line 6) +* file system, file creation mask: UMASK. (line 6) +* file system, file status <1>: STAT. (line 6) +* file system, file status <2>: LSTAT. (line 6) +* file system, file status: FSTAT. (line 6) +* file system, hard link: LINK. (line 6) +* file system, remove file: UNLINK. (line 6) +* file system, rename file: RENAME. (line 6) +* file system, soft link: SYMLNK. (line 6) +* flags inquiry function: COMPILER_OPTIONS. (line 6) +* FLOAT: REAL. (line 6) +* floating point, exponent: EXPONENT. (line 6) +* floating point, fraction: FRACTION. (line 6) +* floating point, nearest different: NEAREST. (line 6) +* floating point, relative spacing <1>: SPACING. (line 6) +* floating point, relative spacing: RRSPACING. (line 6) +* floating point, scale: SCALE. (line 6) +* floating point, set exponent: SET_EXPONENT. (line 6) +* floor: FLOOR. (line 6) +* FLOOR: FLOOR. (line 6) +* floor: AINT. (line 6) +* FLUSH: FLUSH. (line 6) +* FLUSH statement: Fortran 2003 status. (line 79) +* FNUM: FNUM. (line 6) +* FORMAT: Variable FORMAT expressions. + (line 6) +* Fortran 77: GNU Fortran and G77. (line 6) +* FPP: Preprocessing and conditional compilation. + (line 6) +* FPUT: FPUT. (line 6) +* FPUTC: FPUTC. (line 6) +* FRACTION: FRACTION. (line 6) +* FREE: FREE. (line 6) +* FSEEK: FSEEK. (line 6) +* FSTAT: FSTAT. (line 6) +* FTELL: FTELL. (line 6) +* g77: GNU Fortran and G77. (line 6) +* g77 calling convention: Code Gen Options. (line 25) +* GAMMA: GAMMA. (line 6) +* Gamma function: GAMMA. (line 6) +* Gamma function, logarithm of: LOG_GAMMA. (line 6) +* GCC: GNU Fortran and GCC. (line 6) +* GERROR: GERROR. (line 6) +* GET_COMMAND: GET_COMMAND. (line 6) +* GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT: GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT. + (line 6) +* GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE: GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE. + (line 6) +* GETARG: GETARG. (line 6) +* GETCWD: GETCWD. (line 6) +* GETENV: GETENV. (line 6) +* GETGID: GETGID. (line 6) +* GETLOG: GETLOG. (line 6) +* GETPID: GETPID. (line 6) +* GETUID: GETUID. (line 6) +* GMTIME: GMTIME. (line 6) +* GNU Compiler Collection: GNU Fortran and GCC. (line 6) +* GNU Fortran command options: Invoking GNU Fortran. + (line 6) +* Hollerith constants: Hollerith constants support. + (line 6) +* HOSTNM: HOSTNM. (line 6) +* HUGE: HUGE. (line 6) +* hyperbolic cosine: COSH. (line 6) +* hyperbolic function, cosine: COSH. (line 6) +* hyperbolic function, cosine, inverse: ACOSH. (line 6) +* hyperbolic function, sine: SINH. (line 6) +* hyperbolic function, sine, inverse: ASINH. (line 6) +* hyperbolic function, tangent: TANH. (line 6) +* hyperbolic function, tangent, inverse: ATANH. (line 6) +* hyperbolic sine: SINH. (line 6) +* hyperbolic tangent: TANH. (line 6) +* HYPOT: HYPOT. (line 6) +* I/O item lists: I/O item lists. (line 6) +* IABS: ABS. (line 6) +* IACHAR: IACHAR. (line 6) +* IALL: IALL. (line 6) +* IAND: IAND. (line 6) +* IANY: IANY. (line 6) +* IARGC: IARGC. (line 6) +* IBCLR: IBCLR. (line 6) +* IBITS: IBITS. (line 6) +* IBSET: IBSET. (line 6) +* ICHAR: ICHAR. (line 6) +* IDATE: IDATE. (line 6) +* IDIM: DIM. (line 6) +* IDINT: INT. (line 6) +* IDNINT: NINT. (line 6) +* IEEE, ISNAN: ISNAN. (line 6) +* IEOR: IEOR. (line 6) +* IERRNO: IERRNO. (line 6) +* IFIX: INT. (line 6) +* IMAG: AIMAG. (line 6) +* IMAGE_INDEX: IMAGE_INDEX. (line 6) +* images, cosubscript to image index conversion: IMAGE_INDEX. (line 6) +* images, index of this image: THIS_IMAGE. (line 6) +* images, number of: NUM_IMAGES. (line 6) +* IMAGPART: AIMAG. (line 6) +* IMPORT statement: Fortran 2003 status. (line 110) +* INCLUDE directive: Directory Options. (line 6) +* inclusion, directory search paths for: Directory Options. (line 14) +* INDEX: INDEX intrinsic. (line 6) +* INT: INT. (line 6) +* INT2: INT2. (line 6) +* INT8: INT8. (line 6) +* integer kind: SELECTED_INT_KIND. (line 6) +* Interoperability: Mixed-Language Programming. + (line 6) +* intrinsic: Error and Warning Options. + (line 167) +* intrinsic Modules: Intrinsic Modules. (line 6) +* intrinsic procedures: Intrinsic Procedures. + (line 6) +* Introduction: Top. (line 6) +* inverse hyperbolic cosine: ACOSH. (line 6) +* inverse hyperbolic sine: ASINH. (line 6) +* inverse hyperbolic tangent: ATANH. (line 6) +* IOMSG= specifier: Fortran 2003 status. (line 81) +* IOR: IOR. (line 6) +* IOSTAT, end of file: IS_IOSTAT_END. (line 6) +* IOSTAT, end of record: IS_IOSTAT_EOR. (line 6) +* IPARITY: IPARITY. (line 6) +* IRAND: IRAND. (line 6) +* IS_IOSTAT_END: IS_IOSTAT_END. (line 6) +* IS_IOSTAT_EOR: IS_IOSTAT_EOR. (line 6) +* ISATTY: ISATTY. (line 6) +* ISHFT: ISHFT. (line 6) +* ISHFTC: ISHFTC. (line 6) +* ISIGN: SIGN. (line 6) +* ISNAN: ISNAN. (line 6) +* ISO_FORTRAN_ENV statement: Fortran 2003 status. (line 118) +* ITIME: ITIME. (line 6) +* KILL: KILL. (line 6) +* kind: KIND. (line 6) +* KIND: KIND. (line 6) +* kind: KIND Type Parameters. + (line 6) +* kind, character: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND. (line 6) +* kind, integer: SELECTED_INT_KIND. (line 6) +* kind, old-style: Old-style kind specifications. + (line 6) +* kind, real: SELECTED_REAL_KIND. (line 6) +* L2 vector norm: NORM2. (line 6) +* language, dialect options: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 6) +* LBOUND: LBOUND. (line 6) +* LCOBOUND: LCOBOUND. (line 6) +* LEADZ: LEADZ. (line 6) +* left shift, combined: DSHIFTL. (line 6) +* LEN: LEN. (line 6) +* LEN_TRIM: LEN_TRIM. (line 6) +* lexical comparison of strings <1>: LLT. (line 6) +* lexical comparison of strings <2>: LLE. (line 6) +* lexical comparison of strings <3>: LGT. (line 6) +* lexical comparison of strings: LGE. (line 6) +* LGAMMA: LOG_GAMMA. (line 6) +* LGE: LGE. (line 6) +* LGT: LGT. (line 6) +* libf2c calling convention: Code Gen Options. (line 25) +* libgfortran initialization, set_args: _gfortran_set_args. (line 6) +* libgfortran initialization, set_convert: _gfortran_set_convert. + (line 6) +* libgfortran initialization, set_fpe: _gfortran_set_fpe. (line 6) +* libgfortran initialization, set_max_subrecord_length: _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length. + (line 6) +* libgfortran initialization, set_options: _gfortran_set_options. + (line 6) +* libgfortran initialization, set_record_marker: _gfortran_set_record_marker. + (line 6) +* limits, largest number: HUGE. (line 6) +* limits, smallest number: TINY. (line 6) +* LINK: LINK. (line 6) +* linking, static: Link Options. (line 6) +* LLE: LLE. (line 6) +* LLT: LLT. (line 6) +* LNBLNK: LNBLNK. (line 6) +* LOC: LOC. (line 6) +* location of a variable in memory: LOC. (line 6) +* LOG: LOG. (line 6) +* LOG10: LOG10. (line 6) +* LOG_GAMMA: LOG_GAMMA. (line 6) +* logarithm function: LOG. (line 6) +* logarithm function with base 10: LOG10. (line 6) +* logarithm function, inverse: EXP. (line 6) +* LOGICAL: LOGICAL. (line 6) +* logical and, bitwise <1>: IAND. (line 6) +* logical and, bitwise: AND. (line 6) +* logical exclusive or, bitwise <1>: XOR. (line 6) +* logical exclusive or, bitwise: IEOR. (line 6) +* logical not, bitwise: NOT. (line 6) +* logical or, bitwise <1>: OR. (line 6) +* logical or, bitwise: IOR. (line 6) +* logical, variable representation: Internal representation of LOGICAL variables. + (line 6) +* login name: GETLOG. (line 6) +* LONG: LONG. (line 6) +* LSHIFT: LSHIFT. (line 6) +* LSTAT: LSTAT. (line 6) +* LTIME: LTIME. (line 6) +* MALLOC: MALLOC. (line 6) +* mask, left justified: MASKL. (line 6) +* mask, right justified: MASKR. (line 6) +* MASKL: MASKL. (line 6) +* MASKR: MASKR. (line 6) +* MATMUL: MATMUL. (line 6) +* matrix multiplication: MATMUL. (line 6) +* matrix, transpose: TRANSPOSE. (line 6) +* MAX: MAX. (line 6) +* MAX0: MAX. (line 6) +* MAX1: MAX. (line 6) +* MAXEXPONENT: MAXEXPONENT. (line 6) +* maximum value <1>: MAXVAL. (line 6) +* maximum value: MAX. (line 6) +* MAXLOC: MAXLOC. (line 6) +* MAXVAL: MAXVAL. (line 6) +* MCLOCK: MCLOCK. (line 6) +* MCLOCK8: MCLOCK8. (line 6) +* memory checking: Code Gen Options. (line 157) +* MERGE: MERGE. (line 6) +* MERGE_BITS: MERGE_BITS. (line 6) +* messages, error: Error and Warning Options. + (line 6) +* messages, warning: Error and Warning Options. + (line 6) +* MIN: MIN. (line 6) +* MIN0: MIN. (line 6) +* MIN1: MIN. (line 6) +* MINEXPONENT: MINEXPONENT. (line 6) +* minimum value <1>: MINVAL. (line 6) +* minimum value: MIN. (line 6) +* MINLOC: MINLOC. (line 6) +* MINVAL: MINVAL. (line 6) +* Mixed-language programming: Mixed-Language Programming. + (line 6) +* MOD: MOD. (line 6) +* model representation, base: RADIX. (line 6) +* model representation, epsilon: EPSILON. (line 6) +* model representation, largest number: HUGE. (line 6) +* model representation, maximum exponent: MAXEXPONENT. (line 6) +* model representation, minimum exponent: MINEXPONENT. (line 6) +* model representation, precision: PRECISION. (line 6) +* model representation, radix: RADIX. (line 6) +* model representation, range: RANGE. (line 6) +* model representation, significant digits: DIGITS. (line 6) +* model representation, smallest number: TINY. (line 6) +* module entities: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 72) +* module search path: Directory Options. (line 14) +* modulo: MODULO. (line 6) +* MODULO: MODULO. (line 6) +* MOVE_ALLOC: MOVE_ALLOC. (line 6) +* moving allocation: MOVE_ALLOC. (line 6) +* multiply array elements: PRODUCT. (line 6) +* MVBITS: MVBITS. (line 6) +* Namelist: Extensions to namelist. + (line 6) +* natural logarithm function: LOG. (line 6) +* NEAREST: NEAREST. (line 6) +* NEW_LINE: NEW_LINE. (line 6) +* newline: NEW_LINE. (line 6) +* NINT: NINT. (line 6) +* norm, Euclidean: NORM2. (line 6) +* NORM2: NORM2. (line 6) +* NOT: NOT. (line 6) +* NULL: NULL. (line 6) +* NUM_IMAGES: NUM_IMAGES. (line 6) +* OpenMP <1>: OpenMP. (line 6) +* OpenMP: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 110) +* operators, unary: Unary operators. (line 6) +* options inquiry function: COMPILER_OPTIONS. (line 6) +* options, code generation: Code Gen Options. (line 6) +* options, debugging: Debugging Options. (line 6) +* options, dialect: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 6) +* options, directory search: Directory Options. (line 6) +* options, errors: Error and Warning Options. + (line 6) +* options, fortran dialect: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 11) +* options, gfortran command: Invoking GNU Fortran. + (line 6) +* options, linking: Link Options. (line 6) +* options, negative forms: Invoking GNU Fortran. + (line 13) +* options, preprocessor: Preprocessing Options. + (line 6) +* options, run-time: Code Gen Options. (line 6) +* options, runtime: Runtime Options. (line 6) +* options, warnings: Error and Warning Options. + (line 6) +* OR: OR. (line 6) +* output, newline: NEW_LINE. (line 6) +* PACK: PACK. (line 6) +* parity: POPPAR. (line 6) +* Parity: PARITY. (line 6) +* PARITY: PARITY. (line 6) +* paths, search: Directory Options. (line 14) +* PERROR: PERROR. (line 6) +* pointer checking: Code Gen Options. (line 157) +* pointer, C address of pointers: C_F_PROCPOINTER. (line 6) +* pointer, C address of procedures: C_FUNLOC. (line 6) +* pointer, C association status: C_ASSOCIATED. (line 6) +* pointer, convert C to Fortran: C_F_POINTER. (line 6) +* pointer, cray <1>: MALLOC. (line 6) +* pointer, cray: FREE. (line 6) +* pointer, Cray: Cray pointers. (line 6) +* pointer, disassociated: NULL. (line 6) +* pointer, status <1>: NULL. (line 6) +* pointer, status: ASSOCIATED. (line 6) +* POPCNT: POPCNT. (line 6) +* POPPAR: POPPAR. (line 6) +* positive difference: DIM. (line 6) +* PRECISION: PRECISION. (line 6) +* Preprocessing: Preprocessing and conditional compilation. + (line 6) +* preprocessing, assertion: Preprocessing Options. + (line 114) +* preprocessing, define macros: Preprocessing Options. + (line 153) +* preprocessing, include path: Preprocessing Options. + (line 70) +* preprocessing, keep comments: Preprocessing Options. + (line 123) +* preprocessing, no linemarkers: Preprocessing Options. + (line 181) +* preprocessing, undefine macros: Preprocessing Options. + (line 187) +* preprocessor: Preprocessing Options. + (line 6) +* preprocessor, debugging: Preprocessing Options. + (line 26) +* preprocessor, disable: Preprocessing Options. + (line 12) +* preprocessor, enable: Preprocessing Options. + (line 12) +* preprocessor, include file handling: Preprocessing and conditional compilation. + (line 6) +* preprocessor, working directory: Preprocessing Options. + (line 55) +* PRESENT: PRESENT. (line 6) +* private: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 72) +* procedure pointer, convert C to Fortran: C_LOC. (line 6) +* process ID: GETPID. (line 6) +* PRODUCT: PRODUCT. (line 6) +* product, double-precision: DPROD. (line 6) +* product, matrix: MATMUL. (line 6) +* product, vector: DOT_PRODUCT. (line 6) +* program termination: EXIT. (line 6) +* program termination, with core dump: ABORT. (line 6) +* PROTECTED statement: Fortran 2003 status. (line 104) +* Q exponent-letter: Q exponent-letter. (line 6) +* RADIX: RADIX. (line 6) +* radix, real: SELECTED_REAL_KIND. (line 6) +* RAN: RAN. (line 6) +* RAND: RAND. (line 6) +* random number generation <1>: RANDOM_NUMBER. (line 6) +* random number generation <2>: RAND. (line 6) +* random number generation <3>: RAN. (line 6) +* random number generation: IRAND. (line 6) +* random number generation, seeding <1>: SRAND. (line 6) +* random number generation, seeding: RANDOM_SEED. (line 6) +* RANDOM_NUMBER: RANDOM_NUMBER. (line 6) +* RANDOM_SEED: RANDOM_SEED. (line 6) +* RANGE: RANGE. (line 6) +* range checking: Code Gen Options. (line 157) +* re-association of parenthesized expressions: Code Gen Options. + (line 330) +* read character, stream mode <1>: FGETC. (line 6) +* read character, stream mode: FGET. (line 6) +* REAL: REAL. (line 6) +* real kind: SELECTED_REAL_KIND. (line 6) +* real number, exponent: EXPONENT. (line 6) +* real number, fraction: FRACTION. (line 6) +* real number, nearest different: NEAREST. (line 6) +* real number, relative spacing <1>: SPACING. (line 6) +* real number, relative spacing: RRSPACING. (line 6) +* real number, scale: SCALE. (line 6) +* real number, set exponent: SET_EXPONENT. (line 6) +* Reallocate the LHS in assignments: Code Gen Options. (line 338) +* REALPART: REAL. (line 6) +* RECORD: STRUCTURE and RECORD. + (line 6) +* Reduction, XOR: PARITY. (line 6) +* remainder: MOD. (line 6) +* RENAME: RENAME. (line 6) +* repacking arrays: Code Gen Options. (line 250) +* REPEAT: REPEAT. (line 6) +* RESHAPE: RESHAPE. (line 6) +* right shift, combined: DSHIFTR. (line 6) +* root: SQRT. (line 6) +* rounding, ceiling <1>: CEILING. (line 6) +* rounding, ceiling: ANINT. (line 6) +* rounding, floor <1>: FLOOR. (line 6) +* rounding, floor: AINT. (line 6) +* rounding, nearest whole number: NINT. (line 6) +* RRSPACING: RRSPACING. (line 6) +* RSHIFT: RSHIFT. (line 6) +* run-time checking: Code Gen Options. (line 157) +* SAME_TYPE_AS: SAME_TYPE_AS. (line 6) +* SAVE statement: Code Gen Options. (line 15) +* SCALE: SCALE. (line 6) +* SCAN: SCAN. (line 6) +* search path: Directory Options. (line 6) +* search paths, for included files: Directory Options. (line 14) +* SECNDS: SECNDS. (line 6) +* SECOND: SECOND. (line 6) +* seeding a random number generator <1>: SRAND. (line 6) +* seeding a random number generator: RANDOM_SEED. (line 6) +* SELECTED_CHAR_KIND: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND. (line 6) +* SELECTED_INT_KIND: SELECTED_INT_KIND. (line 6) +* SELECTED_REAL_KIND: SELECTED_REAL_KIND. (line 6) +* SET_EXPONENT: SET_EXPONENT. (line 6) +* SHAPE: SHAPE. (line 6) +* shift, left <1>: SHIFTL. (line 6) +* shift, left: DSHIFTL. (line 6) +* shift, right <1>: SHIFTR. (line 6) +* shift, right: DSHIFTR. (line 6) +* shift, right with fill: SHIFTA. (line 6) +* SHIFTA: SHIFTA. (line 6) +* SHIFTL: SHIFTL. (line 6) +* SHIFTR: SHIFTR. (line 6) +* SHORT: INT2. (line 6) +* SIGN: SIGN. (line 6) +* sign copying: SIGN. (line 6) +* SIGNAL: SIGNAL. (line 6) +* SIN: SIN. (line 6) +* sine: SIN. (line 6) +* sine, hyperbolic: SINH. (line 6) +* sine, hyperbolic, inverse: ASINH. (line 6) +* sine, inverse: ASIN. (line 6) +* SINH: SINH. (line 6) +* SIZE: SIZE. (line 6) +* size of a variable, in bits: BIT_SIZE. (line 6) +* size of an expression <1>: SIZEOF. (line 6) +* size of an expression: C_SIZEOF. (line 6) +* SIZEOF: SIZEOF. (line 6) +* SLEEP: SLEEP. (line 6) +* SNGL: REAL. (line 6) +* SPACING: SPACING. (line 6) +* SPREAD: SPREAD. (line 6) +* SQRT: SQRT. (line 6) +* square-root: SQRT. (line 6) +* SRAND: SRAND. (line 6) +* Standards: Standards. (line 6) +* STAT: STAT. (line 6) +* statement, ENUM: Fortran 2003 status. (line 83) +* statement, ENUMERATOR: Fortran 2003 status. (line 83) +* statement, FLUSH: Fortran 2003 status. (line 79) +* statement, IMPORT: Fortran 2003 status. (line 110) +* statement, ISO_FORTRAN_ENV: Fortran 2003 status. (line 118) +* statement, PROTECTED: Fortran 2003 status. (line 104) +* statement, SAVE: Code Gen Options. (line 15) +* statement, USE, INTRINSIC: Fortran 2003 status. (line 118) +* statement, VALUE: Fortran 2003 status. (line 106) +* statement, VOLATILE: Fortran 2003 status. (line 108) +* storage size: STORAGE_SIZE. (line 6) +* STORAGE_SIZE: STORAGE_SIZE. (line 6) +* STREAM I/O: Fortran 2003 status. (line 95) +* stream mode, read character <1>: FGETC. (line 6) +* stream mode, read character: FGET. (line 6) +* stream mode, write character <1>: FPUTC. (line 6) +* stream mode, write character: FPUT. (line 6) +* string, adjust left: ADJUSTL. (line 6) +* string, adjust right: ADJUSTR. (line 6) +* string, comparison <1>: LLT. (line 6) +* string, comparison <2>: LLE. (line 6) +* string, comparison <3>: LGT. (line 6) +* string, comparison: LGE. (line 6) +* string, concatenate: REPEAT. (line 6) +* string, find missing set: VERIFY. (line 6) +* string, find non-blank character: LNBLNK. (line 6) +* string, find subset: SCAN. (line 6) +* string, find substring: INDEX intrinsic. (line 6) +* string, length: LEN. (line 6) +* string, length, without trailing whitespace: LEN_TRIM. (line 6) +* string, remove trailing whitespace: TRIM. (line 6) +* string, repeat: REPEAT. (line 6) +* strings, varying length: Varying Length Character Strings. + (line 6) +* STRUCTURE: STRUCTURE and RECORD. + (line 6) +* structure packing: Code Gen Options. (line 244) +* subscript checking: Code Gen Options. (line 157) +* substring position: INDEX intrinsic. (line 6) +* SUM: SUM. (line 6) +* sum array elements: SUM. (line 6) +* suppressing warnings: Error and Warning Options. + (line 6) +* symbol names: Fortran Dialect Options. + (line 54) +* symbol names, transforming: Code Gen Options. (line 54) +* symbol names, underscores: Code Gen Options. (line 54) +* SYMLNK: SYMLNK. (line 6) +* syntax checking: Error and Warning Options. + (line 33) +* SYSTEM: SYSTEM. (line 6) +* system, error handling <1>: PERROR. (line 6) +* system, error handling <2>: IERRNO. (line 6) +* system, error handling: GERROR. (line 6) +* system, group ID: GETGID. (line 6) +* system, host name: HOSTNM. (line 6) +* system, login name: GETLOG. (line 6) +* system, process ID: GETPID. (line 6) +* system, signal handling: SIGNAL. (line 6) +* system, system call <1>: SYSTEM. (line 6) +* system, system call: EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE. + (line 6) +* system, terminal <1>: TTYNAM. (line 6) +* system, terminal: ISATTY. (line 6) +* system, user ID: GETUID. (line 6) +* system, working directory <1>: GETCWD. (line 6) +* system, working directory: CHDIR. (line 6) +* SYSTEM_CLOCK: SYSTEM_CLOCK. (line 6) +* tabulators: Error and Warning Options. + (line 155) +* TAN: TAN. (line 6) +* tangent: TAN. (line 6) +* tangent, hyperbolic: TANH. (line 6) +* tangent, hyperbolic, inverse: ATANH. (line 6) +* tangent, inverse <1>: ATAN2. (line 6) +* tangent, inverse: ATAN. (line 6) +* TANH: TANH. (line 6) +* terminate program: EXIT. (line 6) +* terminate program, with core dump: ABORT. (line 6) +* THIS_IMAGE: THIS_IMAGE. (line 6) +* thread-safety, threads: Thread-safety of the runtime library. + (line 6) +* TIME: TIME. (line 6) +* time, clock ticks <1>: SYSTEM_CLOCK. (line 6) +* time, clock ticks <2>: MCLOCK8. (line 6) +* time, clock ticks: MCLOCK. (line 6) +* time, conversion to GMT info: GMTIME. (line 6) +* time, conversion to local time info: LTIME. (line 6) +* time, conversion to string: CTIME. (line 6) +* time, current <1>: TIME8. (line 6) +* time, current <2>: TIME. (line 6) +* time, current <3>: ITIME. (line 6) +* time, current <4>: FDATE. (line 6) +* time, current: DATE_AND_TIME. (line 6) +* time, elapsed <1>: SECOND. (line 6) +* time, elapsed <2>: SECNDS. (line 6) +* time, elapsed <3>: ETIME. (line 6) +* time, elapsed <4>: DTIME. (line 6) +* time, elapsed: CPU_TIME. (line 6) +* TIME8: TIME8. (line 6) +* TINY: TINY. (line 6) +* TR 15581: Fortran 2003 status. (line 88) +* trace: Debugging Options. (line 41) +* TRAILZ: TRAILZ. (line 6) +* TRANSFER: TRANSFER. (line 6) +* transforming symbol names: Code Gen Options. (line 54) +* transpose: TRANSPOSE. (line 6) +* TRANSPOSE: TRANSPOSE. (line 6) +* trigonometric function, cosine: COS. (line 6) +* trigonometric function, cosine, inverse: ACOS. (line 6) +* trigonometric function, sine: SIN. (line 6) +* trigonometric function, sine, inverse: ASIN. (line 6) +* trigonometric function, tangent: TAN. (line 6) +* trigonometric function, tangent, inverse <1>: ATAN2. (line 6) +* trigonometric function, tangent, inverse: ATAN. (line 6) +* TRIM: TRIM. (line 6) +* TTYNAM: TTYNAM. (line 6) +* type cast: TRANSFER. (line 6) +* UBOUND: UBOUND. (line 6) +* UCOBOUND: UCOBOUND. (line 6) +* UMASK: UMASK. (line 6) +* underflow: Error and Warning Options. + (line 163) +* underscore: Code Gen Options. (line 54) +* UNLINK: UNLINK. (line 6) +* UNPACK: UNPACK. (line 6) +* unused dummy argument: Error and Warning Options. + (line 173) +* unused parameter: Error and Warning Options. + (line 177) +* USE, INTRINSIC statement: Fortran 2003 status. (line 118) +* user id: GETUID. (line 6) +* VALUE statement: Fortran 2003 status. (line 106) +* Varying length character strings: Varying Length Character Strings. + (line 6) +* Varying length strings: Varying Length Character Strings. + (line 6) +* vector product: DOT_PRODUCT. (line 6) +* VERIFY: VERIFY. (line 6) +* version of the compiler: COMPILER_VERSION. (line 6) +* VOLATILE statement: Fortran 2003 status. (line 108) +* warnings, aliasing: Error and Warning Options. + (line 69) +* warnings, alignment of COMMON blocks: Error and Warning Options. + (line 184) +* warnings, all: Error and Warning Options. + (line 61) +* warnings, ampersand: Error and Warning Options. + (line 86) +* warnings, array temporaries: Error and Warning Options. + (line 94) +* warnings, character truncation: Error and Warning Options. + (line 99) +* warnings, conversion: Error and Warning Options. + (line 105) +* warnings, implicit interface: Error and Warning Options. + (line 112) +* warnings, implicit procedure: Error and Warning Options. + (line 118) +* warnings, intrinsic: Error and Warning Options. + (line 167) +* warnings, intrinsics of other standards: Error and Warning Options. + (line 122) +* warnings, line truncation: Error and Warning Options. + (line 102) +* warnings, non-standard intrinsics: Error and Warning Options. + (line 122) +* warnings, q exponent-letter: Error and Warning Options. + (line 129) +* warnings, suppressing: Error and Warning Options. + (line 6) +* warnings, suspicious code: Error and Warning Options. + (line 133) +* warnings, tabs: Error and Warning Options. + (line 155) +* warnings, to errors: Error and Warning Options. + (line 190) +* warnings, underflow: Error and Warning Options. + (line 163) +* warnings, unused dummy argument: Error and Warning Options. + (line 173) +* warnings, unused parameter: Error and Warning Options. + (line 177) +* write character, stream mode <1>: FPUTC. (line 6) +* write character, stream mode: FPUT. (line 6) +* XOR: XOR. (line 6) +* XOR reduction: PARITY. (line 6) +* ZABS: ABS. (line 6) +* ZCOS: COS. (line 6) +* zero bits <1>: TRAILZ. (line 6) +* zero bits: LEADZ. (line 6) +* ZEXP: EXP. (line 6) +* ZLOG: LOG. (line 6) +* ZSIN: SIN. (line 6) +* ZSQRT: SQRT. 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