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diff --git a/gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/associate_5.f03 b/gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/associate_5.f03
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/associate_5.f03
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+! { dg-do compile }
+! { dg-options "-std=f2003" }
+
+! PR fortran/38936
+! Check for errors with ASSOCIATE during resolution.
+
+PROGRAM main
+  IMPLICIT NONE
+  INTEGER :: nontarget
+  INTEGER :: arr(3)
+  INTEGER, POINTER :: ptr
+
+  ASSOCIATE (a => 5) ! { dg-error "is used as array" }
+    PRINT *, a(3)
+  END ASSOCIATE
+
+  ASSOCIATE (a => nontarget)
+    ptr => a ! { dg-error "neither TARGET nor POINTER" }
+  END ASSOCIATE
+
+  ASSOCIATE (a => 5, b => arr((/ 1, 3 /)))
+    a = 4 ! { dg-error "variable definition context" }
+    b = 7 ! { dg-error "variable definition context" }
+    CALL test2 (a) ! { dg-error "variable definition context" }
+    CALL test2 (b) ! { dg-error "variable definition context" }
+  END ASSOCIATE
+
+CONTAINS
+
+  SUBROUTINE test (x)
+    INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: x
+    ASSOCIATE (y => x) ! { dg-error "variable definition context" }
+      y = 5 ! { dg-error "variable definition context" }
+      CALL test2 (x) ! { dg-error "variable definition context" }
+    END ASSOCIATE
+  END SUBROUTINE test
+
+  ELEMENTAL SUBROUTINE test2 (x)
+    INTEGER, INTENT(OUT) :: x
+    x = 5
+  END SUBROUTINE test2
+
+END PROGRAM main