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diff --git a/gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/module_commons_3.f90 b/gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/module_commons_3.f90
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/module_commons_3.f90
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+! { dg-do run }
+!
+! PR fortran/38657, in which the mixture of PRIVATE and
+! COMMON in TEST4, would mess up the association with
+! TESTCHAR in TEST2.
+!
+! Contributed by Paul Thomas <pault@gcc.gnu.org>
+! From a report in clf by Chris Bradley.
+!
+MODULE TEST4
+  PRIVATE
+  CHARACTER(LEN=80) :: T1 = &
+    "Mary had a little lamb, Its fleece was white as snow;"
+  CHARACTER(LEN=80) :: T2 = &
+    "And everywhere that Mary went, The lamb was sure to go."
+  CHARACTER(LEN=80) :: TESTCHAR
+  COMMON /TESTCOMMON1/ TESTCHAR
+  PUBLIC T1, T2, FOOBAR
+CONTAINS
+  subroutine FOOBAR (CHECK)
+    CHARACTER(LEN=80) :: CHECK
+    IF (TESTCHAR .NE. CHECK) CALL ABORT
+  end subroutine
+END MODULE TEST4
+
+MODULE TEST3
+  CHARACTER(LEN=80) :: TESTCHAR
+  COMMON /TESTCOMMON1/ TESTCHAR
+END MODULE TEST3
+
+MODULE TEST2
+  use TEST4
+  USE TEST3, chr => testchar
+  PRIVATE
+  CHARACTER(LEN=80) :: TESTCHAR
+  COMMON /TESTCOMMON1/ TESTCHAR
+  PUBLIC TESTCHAR, FOO, BAR, CHR, T1, T2, FOOBAR
+contains
+  subroutine FOO
+    TESTCHAR = T1
+  end subroutine
+  subroutine BAR (CHECK)
+    CHARACTER(LEN=80) :: CHECK
+    IF (TESTCHAR .NE. CHECK) CALL ABORT
+    IF (CHR .NE. CHECK) CALL ABORT
+  end subroutine
+END MODULE TEST2
+
+PROGRAM TEST1
+  USE TEST2
+  call FOO
+  call BAR (T1)
+  TESTCHAR = T2
+  call BAR (T2)
+  CALL FOOBAR (T2)
+END PROGRAM TEST1
+! { dg-final { cleanup-modules "TEST2 TEST3 TEST4" } }